Climate change, coupled with insufficient and irregular rains, led to a decline in the productivity of Ivorian cocoa production. The present study aimed to screen three cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) genotypes in order to evaluate their response to water stress at callus and somatic embryos induction and proliferation stages. Staminode and petal explants of the genotypes C1, C14 and C16 from the collection of National Center of Agronomic Research (CNRA) of Ivory Coast, were placed on medium DKW (Driver & Kuniyuki Walnut) in the presence of different concentrations of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 g/l). This polymer was used as osmoticum to stimulate water stress. Data were recorded for callus induction frequency, callus fresh weight, embryogenic callus percentage and average number of somatic embryos. The results obtained showed that intensity of callus proliferation decreased with increasing concentration of PEG 6000. In all genotypes tested, only the petal explants underwent somatic embryogenesis. The induction rates and average number of somatic embryos per explant were reduced with the increase in the concentration of PEG 6000. Among the tested genotypes, C1 produced somatic embryos with all concentrations of PEG 6000 and expressed highest frequencies of induction (62%) and average number of somatic embryos per explant (6.22). This genotype would be the most tolerant to water stress. Somatic embryos obtained with high concentrations of PEG 6000 in this study provide an important basis for the selection and further production of water stress-tolerant varieties of cocoa.
The current state of cassava production and technology level as well as commercialization and consumption aspects were studied in Côte d’Ivoire. The study involved a sample of 570 actors of the value chain randomly selected in three (3) agro ecological regions (south, west and centre). Using a baseline survey questionnaire, 150 producers, 195 transformers and 195 consumers were interviewed. Results showed that farmers and consumers households are in majority led by men (80 and 61%) while transformers households are led by women (81%). Concerning the level of adoption of cassava technologies, it was found that about 35% of cassava growers are aware about the new cassava varieties and more than 80% agreed to use them. The analysis performed in agro ecological regions revealed that traditional varieties are preferred (40 % to 90 %) to improved varieties. Improved varieties, Bocou 1 (10.67%), TMS4 (2)1425 (0.67%) and Bocou 2 (0.67%) are less preferred for cultivation in spite of high yields, food processing or taste qualities, respectively mentioned by farmers. More than 50 % of farmers agreed to adopt the Rapid Seed Multiplication technique. Contrary to the localities of Man (West) and Bonoua (South) where pounded cassava is more consumed (89.29% and 66%), dehydrated cassava (Attieke) food is the most consumed in other localities surveyed. In spite of the high yield of improved varieties and the desire of cassava growers to adopt new cassava technologies, research and extension services should be reinforced taking into account agro ecological specificities of production, commercialization and consumption.
Objective: In cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.), some elite genotypes have shown, in standard study conditions, an absence or a very weak response to induction of somatic embryos. This is the case of the original C8 genotype Trinidad. This study aims to improve the production of somatic embryos in this genotype Methodology and results: To do this, staminodes and petals excised from immature buds of genotypes C1, C8 and C14 were used. Genotypes C1 and C14 are embryogenic under standard conditions. These floral explants were cultured on induction media differing by the type and concentration of auxins. Callus induction obtained in the three studied genotypes ranged from 80% to 90% with the petal explants and from 70% to 80% with the staminodes regardless of the type and concentration of auxins. Transfer of callogenic explants to DKW (Driver & Kuniyuki, 1984) medium supplemented with sucrose and glucose allowed the induction of somatic embryos at mean rates varying from 5% to 20% after only 84 days with petal explants and media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). No induction of somatic embryos was observed on the control medium with the C1, C8 and C14 genotypes. The C1 genotype induced somatic embryos in the presence of all concentrations of auxins. The highest rate of embryogenic callus and somatic embryo induction was obtained with 18 μM of 2, 4, 5-T in all C1 genotypes (39.29 ± 0.28; 17.98 ± 0.10), C8 (36.29% ± 0.26 and 15.01 ± 0.07) and C14 (33.92% ± 0.26 and 14.50 ± 0.16). The 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4, 5-T). at 18 μM is the most appropriate auxin to remove recalcitrance in cocoa genotype C8. The use of higher 18 μM concentrations of 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4, 5-T). and its application to other recalcitrant genotypes could confirm its beneficial effect on the removal of recalcitrance to somatic embryogenesis in cocoa. Conclusion and application of results: 18 μM concentration of 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4, 5-T) gave the best percentage of embryogenic explants and the highest average number of embryos in the three genotypes tested. Therefore, this protocol using 18 μM of 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4, 5-T) could be used to overcome recalcitrance to somatic embryogenesis in cocoa.
Aims: Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) flow in research and development area inside and outside many countries are not indexed or listed and are insufficiently documented. In Côte d’Ivoire, when implementing the Multilateral System (MLS) project, a survey was realized with different actors as well at national as international levels to collect data dealing with exchanges flow characteristics of main food crops as yam, cassava, rice and plantain. The objectives of the current study are i) to know about internal and external exchange flow of genetic resources of yam, cassava, rice and plantain in Côte d’Ivoire, ii) to assess Côte d’Ivoire dependence regarding external PGRFA, iii) to indentify international research agreements or research network facilitating Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) in Côte d’Ivoire and iv) to determine constraints or opportunities related to access to external PGR in the future. Study Design: A questionnaire was submitted to actors managing main consumed food crops in Côte d’Ivoire such as yam, cassava, rice and plantain. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted in 2019 and sampled data on period starting from 2005 to 2014 about the flow of genetic resources of yam, cassava, rice and plantain inside and outside Côte d’Ivoire located in Western Africa were studied. Methodology: This comprised the collection of data using a questionnaire related to characteristics of PGRFA flow inside and outside Côte d’Ivoire, within institutions in charge of PGRFA. A survey was conducted with national and international actors involved in yam, cassava, rice and plantain genetic resources. Moreover, surveys on PGRFA flow data were supplemented by reports from research programs dedicated to these food crops. Results: Results revealed that genetic resources of yam, cassava, rice and plantain are exchanged at variable levels within different actors. Contrary to plantain, a growth of vegetal material exchange within actors was observed at national level in yam, cassava and rice. PGRFA exchange flow at international level are positively unbalanced in favor of importation from Groupe Consultatif pour la Recherche Agricole Internationale (CGIAR) creating by this way a relatively marked dependence excepted to yam where ongoing varietal breeding relies on local genetic resources. Very few or no data was given back to national research and development institutions and farmers from Côte d’Ivoire on national PGRFA sent outside for breeding purposes. In the same line, neither any law nor regulations were set up at national level to ensure traceability of plant material exchanges according to international agreements and conventions. Conclusion: The consequence of this inventory of fixtures about systems of genetic resources exchange and evolution in Côte d’Ivoire is the lack of regulatory mechanisms allowing populations owning traditional knowledge take profit of an access and a fair sharing of advantages arising from the use of PGRFA as yam, cassava, rice and plantain.
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