The data suggest that at least one component of root biospeckle activity resulted from a biological process, which is located in the zone of cell division and responds to thigmostimuli. However, neither individual cell division events nor root elongation is likely to be responsible for the patterns of biospeckle activity.
Dynamic laser speckle is a phenomenon that interprets an optical patterns formed by illuminating a surface under changes with coherent light. Therefore, the dynamic change of the speckle patterns caused by biological material is known as biospeckle. Usually, these patterns of optical interference evolving in time are analyzed by graphical or numerical methods, and the analysis in frequency domain has also been an option, however involving large computational requirements which demands new approaches to filter the images in time. Principal component analysis (PCA) works with the statistical decorrelation of data and it can be used as a data filtering. In this context, the present work evaluated the PCA technique to filter in time the data from the biospeckle images aiming the reduction of time computer consuming and improving the robustness of the filtering. It was used 64 images of biospeckle in time observed in a maize seed. The images were arranged in a data matrix and statistically uncorrelated by PCA technique, and the reconstructed signals were analyzed using the routine graphical and numerical methods to analyze the biospeckle. Results showed the potential of the PCA tool in filtering the dynamic laser speckle data, with the definition of markers of principal components related to the biological phenomena and with the advantage of fast computational processing.
The total leaf area (TLA) estimation is an important feature of the crops and their assessment a challenge, since the direct methods of obtaining it are destructive and time consuming. Non-destructive methods have been explored to obtain the TLA by indirect approaches, in turn creating other features, as the leaf area index. The development of non-destructive technology to access the TLA of a plant has been the subject of much research, and the optical metrology is an promising approach. In this work, some indirect methods associated with optical approaches were evaluated as an alternative to obtain the TLA of the coffee plant. Commercial equipment were used, such as a camera with a fish eye lens and lux meters, associated to the sizes of the canopies were tested and compared to another non-destructive method and with methods proposed in the literature. The association between production and the TLA estimated was also evaluated. The results showed that the commercial equipment, generally used in forestry, was not the best approach in coffee plants, and that the methods related to the size and lux values of the plants were the best alternatives to estimate the TLA of the coffee plant. Key words: optics, non-destructive technique , coffeeEstimativa da área foliar de plantas de médio porte com metrologia óptica RESUMO A estimativa da área foliar total (AFT) é uma importante característica das culturas cuja avaliação é um desafio visto que métodos diretos de obtê-la são destrutivos e consome tempo. Métodos não destrutivos têm sido explorados com vista a se obter a AFT por meio de abordagens indiretas e, por sua vez, a criação de outros recursos, como o índice de área foliar. O desenvolvimento de tecnologia não destrutiva para acessar a AFT de uma planta tem sido objeto de muitas pesquisas e a metrologia óptica é uma abordagem promissora. Neste trabalho alguns métodos indiretos associados com as abordagens ópticas foram avaliados como alternativa para obtenção da AFT do cafeeiro. Equipamentos comerciais foram usados, como uma câmera com lente olho de peixe e medidas de lux, associadas às dimensões das copas, testados e comparados com outros métodos não destrutivos e com métodos propostos na literatura. A associação entre produção e a AFT estimada também foi avaliada. Os resultados mostraram que os equipamentos comerciais, geralmente utilizados em silvicultura, não se coadunam como as melhores aproximações para cafeeiros enquanto métodos relacionados às dimensões e valores de lux das plantas foram as melhores alternativas para estimar a AFT do cafeeiro.
The present paper aimed to map the priority areas for environmental recovery of Rio Pomba city, Minas Gerais, as part of the creation of a strategic plan for environmental actions. In order to carry out the proposed approaches, the information layers (IL) geology, climate, land use, pedology and geomorphology of study area were mapped individually and transformed, by multicriteria analysis, in a single database using the geographic information system (GIS), resulting in the mapping of natural vulnerability to soil loss. The results showed that areas vulnerable to erosion processes, and priorit y to environmental restoration actions, were concentrated in declivity regions of study area, while regions classified as stable accumulated in permanent preservation areas (PPA) marginal to water resources. These results diverged from the field observations and the addition of an IL that demarcates the PPAs in multicriteria analysis was proposed as alternative. The new results were satisfactory, closer to the field inspections and this new methodology can be used in management of environmental restoration actions of city, in which should begin with the marginal PPAs and in the northern region.
AVALIAÇÃO DA SALINIDADE, SODICIDADE E ALCALINIDADE DAS ÁGUAS SUBTERRÂNEAS PARA IRRIGAÇÃO EM JAÍBA E JANAÚBA, MINAS GERAIS Fábio Henrique de Souza Faria1; Luiz Antônio Lima2; Moisés Santiago Ribeiro2; Silvânio Rodrigues Santos1; Kleber Mariano Ribeiro2 1Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Janaúba, MG, fabio.faria@unimontes.br 2Departamento de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 1 RESUMO Devido à escassez hídrica superficial, os irrigantes da região Norte Mineira utilizam as águas subterrâneas disponíveis e de qualidade inferior. Os problemas de seu uso na irrigação são a salinização, alcalinização, sodificação dos solos e suas conseqüências, além da obstrução ou corrosão de equipamentos. A avaliação da qualidade de água é uma alternativa para minimizar prejuízos aos investimentos na agricultura irrigada. Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade das águas subterrâneas de Janaúba e Jaíba, MG, quanto aos problemas salinidade e sodicidade, utilizou-se de dados da Epamig/CTNM referentes aos anos entre 1993 e 2006. As características analisadas foram pH, condutividade elétrica (CE), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3- e CO32-. Os valores médios de pH e CE predominantes indicam risco moderado de uso, com pequena superioridade para Jaíba. A RASaj tem classificação S1 em 94% das análises. Os valores de Mg2+, Ca2+ e HCO3- são, em maioria, baixos, médios e elevados e classificados como sem risco, risco moderado e severo de uso na irrigação, respectivamente. O Na+, o PS das águas e o PST do solo não representam risco de sodificação dos solos ou restrição ao uso da água na irrigação. As águas são classificadas como de uso irrestrito em 59 a 83% das análises quanto ao risco de redução da sua infiltração nos solos. A classificação USSL das águas para uso na irrigação é C3S1 e a UCCC é C2S1 para o maior percentual de análises destes municípios UNITERMOS: condutividade elétrica, pH, RAS, poço tubular FARIA, F. H. S.; LIMA, L . A.; RIBEIRO, M. S., SANTOS, S. R.; RIBEIRO, K. M. EVALUATION OF UNDERGROUND WATER SALINITY, SODICITY AND ALKALINITY FOR IRRIGATION IN JAÍBA AND JANAÚBA , MG, BRAZIL 2 ABSTRACT Due to surface water shortages, the northern Minas Gerais region producers use the available groundwater that has inferior quality. The common problems of these waters in the region are soil salinity, sodicity and alkalinity and their possible consequences, and corrosion or clogging of equipment. The assessment of the water quality is an alternative to avoid or reduce damage to investment in irrigated agriculture. In order to examine the Janaúba and Jaíba (MG) groundwater quality for the sodicity and alkalinity problems, Epamig / CTNM database from 1993 at 2006 was used. The analyzed characteristics were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3- and CO32-. The pH and EC average values indicate moderate risk for irrigation use, but with small values in Jaíba. RASaj has S1 classification in 94% of the analysis. The Mg2+, Ca2+ and HCO3– predominant values were mostly classified as low, middle and high, and they indicated no risk, moderate risk and severe risk to water use in irrigation, respectively. Na+, PS water and soil PST did not represent sodicity risk or restriction of water use for irrigation. The waters were classified as unrestricted use regarding their risk of reducing soil infiltration in 59 to 83% of the tests. The USSL classification for water use in irrigation is C3S1 and the UCCC is C2S1 for both municipalities in most analyses. KEYWORDS: electrical conductivity, pH, RAS, wells
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