BackgroundAutoimmunity has been reported in patients with severe COVID-19. We investigated whether antinuclear/extractable-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) were present up to a year after infection, and if they were associated with the development of clinically relevant Post-Acute Sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC) symptoms.MethodsA rapid assessment line immunoassay was used to measure circulating levels of ANA/ENAs in 106 convalescent COVID-19 patients with varying acute phase severities at 3, 6, and 12 months post-recovery. Patient-reported fatigue, cough, and dyspnea were recorded at each timepoint. Multivariable logistic regression model and receiver-operating curves (ROC) were used to test the association of autoantibodies with patient-reported outcomes and pro-inflammatory cytokines.ResultsCompared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n=22) and those who had other respiratory infections (n=34), patients with COVID-19 had higher detectable ANAs at 3 months post-recovery (p<0.001). The mean number of ANA autoreactivities per individual decreased from 3 to 12 months (3.99 to 1.55) with persistent positive titers associated with fatigue, dyspnea, and cough severity. Antibodies to U1-snRNP and anti-SS-B/La were both positively associated with persistent symptoms of fatigue (p<0.028, AUC=0.86) and dyspnea (p<0.003, AUC=0.81). Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and C-reactive protein predicted the elevated ANAs at 12 months. TNFα, D-dimer, and IL-1β had the strongest association with symptoms at 12 months. Regression analysis showed TNFα predicted fatigue (β=4.65, p=0.004) and general symptomaticity (β=2.40, p=0.03) at 12 months.InterpretationPersistently positive ANAs at 12 months post-COVID are associated with persisting symptoms and inflammation (TNFα) in a subset of COVID-19 survivors. This finding indicates the need for further investigation into the role of autoimmunity in PASC.

Survivors of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections frequently suffer from a range of post-infection sequelae. Whether survivors of mild or asymptomatic infections can expect any long-term health consequences is not yet known. Herein we investigated lasting changes to soluble inflammatory factors and cellular immune phenotype and function in individuals who had recovered from mild SARS-CoV-2 infections (n = 22), compared to those that had recovered from other mild respiratory infections (n = 11). Individuals who had experienced mild SARS-CoV-2 infections had elevated levels of C-reactive protein 1–3 months after symptom onset, and changes in phenotype and function of circulating T-cells that were not apparent in individuals 6–9 months post-symptom onset. Markers of monocyte activation, and expression of adherence and chemokine receptors indicative of altered migratory capacity, were also higher at 1–3 months post-infection in individuals who had mild SARS-CoV-2, but these were no longer elevated by 6–9 months post-infection. Perhaps most surprisingly, significantly more T-cells could be activated by polyclonal stimulation in individuals who had recently experienced a mild SARS-CoV-2, infection compared to individuals with other recent respiratory infections. These data are indicative of prolonged immune activation and systemic inflammation that persists for at least three months after mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections.

No abstract

BackgroundLocal airway autoimmune responses may contribute to steroid dependence and persistent eosinophilia in severe asthma (SA). Auto-IgG antibodies directed against granule proteins such as eosinophil peroxidase (EPX), macrophage scavenger receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), and nuclear/extra-nuclear antigens (ANAs) have been reported.ObjectiveTo describe the prevalence and clinical characteristics of asthmatics with airway autoreactivity, and to assess if this could be predicted from clinical history of autoreactivity.MethodsWe analysed anti-EPX, anti-MARCO, and ANAs in 218 sputum samples collected prospectively from 148 asthmatics, and evaluated their association with lung function parameters, blood/airway inflammation, severity indices, and exacerbations. Additionally, 107 of these patients consented to fill out an autoimmune checklist to determine personal/family history of systemic autoimmune disease and symptoms.ResultsOut of the 148 patients, 59 (40%) were anti-EPX IgG positive, 53 (36%) were anti-MARCO IgG positive, and 65 (50%) had ≥2 nuclear/extra-nuclear autoreactivities. A composite airway autoreactivity score (CAAS) demonstrated that 82 patients (55%) had ≥2 airway autoreactivities (considered as CAAS+). Increased airway eosinophil degranulation (OR:15·1; CI:1·1–199·4), blood leukocytes (OR:3·5; CI:1·3–10·1), reduced blood lymphocytes (OR:0·19; CI:0·04–0·84) predicted CAAS+. A third of CAAS+ patients reported an exacerbation, associated with increased anti-EPX and/or anti-MARCO IgG (p<0·05). While no association was found between family history or personal diagnosis of autoimmune disease, 30% of CAAS+ asthmatics reported Sicca symptoms (p=0·02). Current anti-inflammatory (inhaled/oral corticosteroids and/or adjunct anti-IL-5 biologics) treatment does not attenuate airway autoantibodies, irrespective of eosinophil suppression.ConclusionWe report 55% of moderate-to-severe asthmatics to have airway autoreactivity that persists despite anti-inflammatory treatment, and is associated with exacerbations.