Purpose: To determine the rates and risk factors of recurrent retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) treated by laser photocoagulation, intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) monotherapy, or intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) monotherapy. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, consecutive infants with Type 1 ROP who received laser, IVB, or IVR treatments were followed for at least 75 weeks of postmenstrual age. Data analysis was performed between March 2010 and February 2017 in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan. Results: A total of 176 infants (340 eyes) were included in this study. The mean follow-up was 197.3 ± 110 weeks. All of the baseline demographic and ROP characteristics among the laser, IVB, and IVR groups were similar. The overall recurrence rate after treatment was 44 of 340 eyes (12.9%). The IVB group had a recurrence rate of 10.0%, followed by the laser group (18.0%) and the IVR group (20.8%); however, these rates were not significantly different (P = 0.0528). Compared with the laser group, the IVB and IVR groups exhibited recurrence at later ages (43.4 ± 3.5 weeks for the IVB group, 42.3 ± 2.0 weeks for the IVR group, and 39.5 ± 2.8 weeks for the laser group; P = 0.0058). The mean interval of recurrence from initial treatment in the laser group was 3.6 ± 1.4 weeks compared with 8.8 ± 3.9 weeks and 8.3 ± 1.6 weeks in the IVB and IVR groups, respectively (P = 0.0001). Overall, the independent risk factors of recurrence included an early postmenstrual age at initial treatment (P = 0.0160), Zone I (P = 0.0007), low Apgar score (P = 0.0297), and multiple births (P = 0.0285). There was no significant difference in progression to retinal detachment among the three groups (laser: 3/61, 4.9%; IVB: 2/231, 0.9%;and IVR: 1/48, 2.1%; P = 0.2701). Conclusion: Laser, IVR, and IVB are effective for Type 1 ROP. Retinopathy of prematurity recurrence requiring re-treatment was encountered as late as 50 weeks of postmenstrual age after IVB or IVR but earlier after laser. Longer follow-up for infants treated with anti–vascular endothelial growth factor is needed, especially in patients with significant risk factors such as an early postmenstrual age at initial treatment, Zone I ROP, low Apgar score, and multiple births.

To investigate the long-term surgical outcomes of macular hole retinal detachment (MHRD) following vitrectomy with macular plug in highly myopic eyes. Methods: Thirty-five cases of highly myopic eyes with MHRD in 35 patients who underwent an initially successful vitrectomy with macular plug and were followed up for at least 3 years were reviewed. The anatomical outcomes were evaluated by fundus examination, fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Myopic features after the surgery were differentiated according to recommendations of the Meta-analysis of Pathologic Myopia (META-PM) Study Group. The best-corrected visual acuities (BCVAs) before and after surgery were analysed as the functional outcome. Main outcome measures time-course changes in BCVA and complications. Results: The mean patient age was 61.0 AE 11.4 years. The follow-up was 45.2 AE 8.6 months (ranged from 36 to 71 months). The mean axial length was 29.3 AE 1.2 mm. All eyes demonstrated attached retina, but 2 eyes (5.7%) developed reopened macular holes until the last follow-up. Complications of postoperative rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were detected in 2 eyes (5.7%) within 1 year and retina reattached after the secondary vitrectomy. Three cases (8.6%) of prolonged subretinal fluid lasting more than 1 year were detected but finally absorbed completely. Comparing 1-3 years postoperatively, myopic features showed significant progression of myopic maculopathy category (p = 0.035). Functionally, significantly improved BCVA could be maintained postoperatively between 6 months and 3 years. However, vision of 14 eyes (40.0%) worsened within 1-3 years postoperatively, and visual deterioration was associated with progression of myopic maculopathy (p = 0.004) and preexisting disease of glaucoma (p = 0.006). Conclusions: A vitrectomy combined with macular plug provided favourable outcomes in the long term, over the ≥3-year follow-up period.

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