Efficacy of the five native entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs), Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosorosea, Lecanicillium muscarium, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Simplicillium lamellicola, against adults of the stored-grain insect pests, Sitophilus granarius and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was evaluated under laboratory conditions at two different temperatures. Conidial suspensions (1 × 10 8 conidia ml −1 ) of the fungi were directly applied to both the pests in Petri dishes (2 ml per dish), using a Potter spray tower. All the dishes were incubated both at 20 and 25°C in 16 h light/8 h dark and in 75 ± 5% relative humidity (RH). Dead individuals were counted daily, following treatments, for 7 days. Lethal time values (LT 50 and LT 90 ) for EPFs were calculated. The results demonstrated that the mortality rates varied according to both the temperature and the tested EPFs. The highest effect among EPFs at (1 × 10 8 conidia ml −1 ) concentration on S. granarius at 20°C at the end of day 7 was showed by I. fumosorosea (92.69%) and M. anisopliae (90.35%), followed by the other EPFs. Similarly, M. anisopliae and I. fumosorosea were the most effective ones with 90.48 and 84.21% mortality rates, respectively, at 25°C. However, while M. anisopliae (85.68%) showed the highest effect among all the EPFs applied on S. oryzae at 20°C, B. bassiana with a mortality rate of 93.66% was the most effective one at 25°C. LT 50 values for I. fumosorosea and M. anisopliae were 2.75 and 2.88/days, respectively, and LT 90 values were 4.17 and 4.47/ days, respectively, at 20°C for S. oryzae. However, LT 50 values for M. anisopliae on S. granarius in both temperatures were the lowest. This study indicated that M. anisopliae and I. fumosorosea had a significant potential as a biological control agent against S. granarius and S. oryzae. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of the isolate on the pests under storage conditions.
This study was carried out to determine distribution, host plant and biology of Ricania simulans (Walker) (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) in Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey between 2009 and 2011. There is no important plant pest in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey except this species. However, population of R. simulans being harmful in many wild and cultivated plant species in both nymphal and adult stages has been increased since 2009. As a result of this study, it was determined that R. simulans has been widespread on coastal areas of Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey with an extensive host range including elderberry, bean, kiwifruit, wild blackberries, hydrangea, fig tree, alder, cherry laurel, tea tree and grapevine. Nymphs of the pest emerge in the middle of May and it has 5 nymphal stages, the adults emerge early July and started to lay their eggs in early August, overwinter as eggs and gives one generation in a year.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.