The present study aims to investigate the effect of transformational leadership on psychological capital and organizational commitment. In addition, this study investigates the effect of psychological capital on organizational commitment. Furthermore, this study also investigates the mediating effect of psychological capital on the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment under the lens of social exchange theory. Three hundred-fifty survey questionnaires were distributed among employees of the health sector to test the hypotheses of this study. We validated the proposed framework using the mediation technique. The results indicated that transformational leadership is significantly related to organizational commitment and psychological capital. Further, results also revealed that psychological capital is significantly related to organizational commitment. Moreover, the results also showed that psychological capital mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. This study will be significant for the managers and employees in the health sector who need to understand that transformational leaders promote psychological capital, which ultimately enhances organizational commitment. Healthcare management should arrange training programs on transformational leadership styles for managers because transformational leaders gain their subordinates' trust due to their devotion and contributions. The limitations of this study and future directions are also provided in the discussion section.
Purpose This paper aims to provide a review of Anti-Money-Laundering (AML) after the latest amendments, i.e. Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach This paper performs a detailed review of AML and related laws and amendments to record notable changes and improvements in the recent amendments and drew a comparison among these legal amendments. Findings This paper finds that recent amendments are essential and judiciously crafted to cover the legal clinches, ensuring effective implementation of AML laws and positive expected outcomes for Pakistan. Originality/value This paper is unique in the context of the ongoing struggle against money laundering (ML) in Pakistan; covering the legal progress of Pakistan regarding ML, corruption and terrorism financing.
Climate change has marked its effects on Pakistan in form of different problems like floods, droughts, change in crop patterns, heat waves, changes in weather conditions and health issues. One of the reason of climate change is environmental degradation that’s why several studies are conducted in case of Pakistan to examine the factors of environmental degradation. This study also explores the factors of environmental degradation for Pakistan and is unique study as so for none of the empirical studies conducted in context of Pakistan analyzed the effect of economic structure on environmental degradation. So, the prime objective of this study is to explore the impact of economic structure on environmental degradation. The economic structure for Pakistan’s economy is being captured through agriculture, industrial and service sector over the years. As energy and trade openness grab attention from researchers in examining factors of environmental degradation thus; energy consumption and trade openness are introduced in the study model as control variables. Once order of integration of time series data is determined, long run relationship is found through bound testing approach. Agricultural and service sector are found to have negative impact on environmental degradation but; service sector has insignificant effect on environmental degradation. The industrial sector is aggravating environmental degradation in long run but; is abstaining environmental degradation in short run. Hence; the different effect of industrial sector on environmental degradation in long run and short run is providing the opportunity for policy makers to come up with different policy measure for long run and short run. Energy is found to have positive and significant effect on environmental degradation in both time spans whereas trade openness has negative and significant effect on environmental degradation in long run. Policy implications are suggested on basis of findings of this study for Pakistan.
In a major diplomatic realignment, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain normalized their relations with Israel in September 2020 by signing the Abraham Peace Accords in Washington. However, this normalization has created a noticeable divide; other majority‐Muslim states, including Morocco and Sudan, have also accepted incentives to normalize relations with Israel, while pressure is mounting on Pakistan from its close allies in the Gulf region to recognize Israel. Pakistan, which enjoys multifaceted cooperative relations with all states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), now faces a dilemma, as it has a longstanding position on the Palestine issue through which it views its policy on Israel. Considering the dilemma, this article focuses on the impact the Abraham Peace Accords have had on Pakistan's relations with the GCC states and its own Israel policy. Based on the examination of various ideational and geopolitical factors, it is argued that Pakistan has more to lose than gain by changing its historical position and recognizing the state of Israel.
Pakistan’s is relentlessly affected by climate change and is looking for foreign assistant to deal with climate change challenges. Also, Pakistan is trying to tackle with climate change domestically. Environmental degradation consequently leads to climate change domestically as well as globally. Environmental degradation is extensively studied in empirical literature. Efficient use of resources only can ensure to lessen environmental degradation and its effects in terms of climate change. Henceforth, the current empirical study is analyzing the impact of energy intensity and financial institutions efficiency on environmental degradation in Pakistan. The energy intensity is considered as a factor of environmental degradation as it is one of the proxy for energy efficiency. Moreover, for overall economic activities impact on environmental degradation, this study considered GDP as a control variable. The time series techniques such as unit root and bounds cointegration techniques are applied for non-stationarity, cointegration and results estimates. The result of this study documented that energy intensity, financial institutions efficiency and GDP are factors of environmental degradation and energy intensity and GDP are aggravating environmental degradation whereas financial institutions efficiency has abstained it in Pakistan.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.