Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgaris M.) essential oils are commercially available in the local Egyptian market. They were analyzed by GC and GC-MS spectrometry. The main components of anise oil were; trans-anethole (61.7 %), α-longipinene (10.1 %), cis-anethole (7.3 %), cyclosativene (5.2 %), isoledene (3.4 %) and safrol (2.4 %), while those of fennel essential oil were; d-limonene (34.6 %), trans-anethole (13.6 %), d-carvone (11 %), cis-sabinene hydrate (5.9 %), fenchone (3.9 %), β-longipinene (2.5 %), 1,8-cineol (2.0 %) and apiol (1.2 %). Their biological activities, including free radical scavenging, antimicrobial, deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein cleaving were tested, in addition to their hypoglycaemic effect. trans-Anethole as an individual major component in both essential oils was also tested. The effect of the photo-oxygenation reaction on both oils was studied. The results revealed variation of the tested biological activities of the regular and the photo-oxygenated oils. This could be explained in terms of the formed oxygenated products.
Nanotechnology has the potential to use in poultry production with new tools for the enhancing the ability of poultry to absorb nutrients and therefore improving growth performance, nutrient digestibility and productive performance of poultry. The essential trace elements play important roles such as nutrients metabolism, antimicrobial and antioxidant. Numerous studies have already used the effects of zinc sources at lower and higher doses on productive performance of broiler chickens. Most of these studies showed slight positive effects, however significant results were rare. Since there are almost unlimited possibilities concerning levels and sources of zinc there is still more research needed. Using zinc as nanoparticles size can be used at lower doses and can provide better result than the conventional zinc sources. Nanoparticles Zinc oxide can act as antibacterial agent, modulates the immunity and production of broilers. Using of Nanoparticles Zinc oxide in broiler nutrition may support and improve the broiler production. Nevertheless, there is still further studies under more standardized conditions needed to evaluate the optimum dosage as well as the exact mode of action of Nanoparticles Zinc oxide. Therefore, the aim of this study is to give an overview on the potential of nanoparticles of zinc oxide as feed additives in broiler diets, in order to evaluate the optimum dosage and observe their influence on feed intake, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass criteria, and physiological responses.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.