Objective. Construct and evaluate the care cascade for pulmonary tuberculosis in the indigenous population of the department of Cauca (Colombia) and identify existing gaps. Methods. Mixed-methods sequential explanatory design. In the first phase, the pulmonary tuberculosis care cascade for the indigenous population of Cauca was evaluated. Data were obtained from secondary sources and all cases diagnosed from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2017 were included. In the second phase, semi-structured interviews were done with nine program coordinators and 11 nursing auxiliaries to explain identified gaps. Absolute and percentage values were estimated for each of the steps and gaps in the care cascade. Quantitative and qualitative results were triangulated. Results. In 2016 and 2017, an estimated 202 patients with respiratory symptoms were expected to be positive and 106 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were reported among the indigenous population of the department of Cauca. A gap of 47.5% was found for diagnosis, since only 52.5% of subjects were diagnosed in health services. This gap was explained by poor quality of samples and flawed smear techniques; flaws in correct identification of patients with respiratory symptoms; limited access to diagnostic methods, such as culture and molecular tests; and limited training and high turnover of personnel in health service provider institutions. Conclusions. The tuberculosis control program should focus actions on bridging the gap in case detection in the indigenous population.
Objetivo. Construir y evaluar la cascada de atención de la tuberculosis pulmonar en la población indígena del departamento del Cauca (Colombia) e identificar las brechas existentes. Métodos. Metodología mixta con diseño secuencial explicativo. En la primera fase se evaluó la cascada de atención de la tuberculosis pulmonar para la población indígena del Cauca. Se obtuvieron datos de fuentes secundarias y se incluyeron todos los casos diagnosticados entre el 1 de enero del 2016 y el 31 de diciembre de 2017. En la segunda fase, se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a nueve coordinadores de programa y 11 auxiliares de enfermería para explicar las brechas identificadas. Se estimaron los valores absolutos y porcentuales en cada uno de los pasos y las brechas de la cascada de atención. Se triangularon los resultados cuantitativos y cualitativos. Resultados. Durante 2016 y 2017 se estimaron 202 sintomáticos respiratorios esperados positivos y se notificaron 106 casos de tuberculosis pulmonar en la población indígena del departamento del Cauca. Se encontró una brecha de 47,5% para el diagnóstico, ya que solo 52,5% de los sujetos recibieron el diagnóstico en los servicios de salud. Las explicaciones a esta brecha fueron la mala calidad de muestras y fallas en la técnica del extendido, fallas en la correcta identificación del sintomático respiratorio, acceso limitado a métodos diagnósticos como cultivo y pruebas moleculares, así como capacitación escasa y rotación alta de personal al interior de las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud. Conclusiones. Las acciones del programa de control de tuberculosis deben enfocarse en reducir la brecha de detección de casos en la población indígena.
This study aims to evaluate, via a mixed methods study, the implementation of the screening process for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) within indigenous population of the Department of Cauca, Colombia, during the 2016-2018 period. Indicators assessing the PTB screening process were elaborated and estimated. Subsequently, an evaluation of the indicators were performed based on a sampling process from health care providers of the municipalities with the highest and lowest PTB incidence and from key agents’ perspective. Screening indicators were estimated and thematic analysis was performed based on the interviews conducted with key agents. Finally, a triangulation of quantitative and qualitative findings was performed. From the total population expected to have respiratory symptomatics (n = 16,711), the health care providers were able to identify 42.3% of them. Out of the individuals identified as respiratory symptomatics (n = 7,064), they were able to examine 93.2% (n = 6,585) with at least one acid-fast bacilli smear test. The reported positivity index from acid-fast bacilli smear test was 1.87%. The explanations from key agents revolved around the possibility of an overestimated targeted amount of respiratory symptomatics; insufficient personnel for the search of symptomatic individuals; high costs for the search in areas of difficult access; the need to request permissions from indigenous authorities; culturally ingrained stigma; use of traditional medicine and self-medication; and patient’s personal beliefs. This study revealed barriers in the implementation of the screening process for PTB within the indigenous population from the Department of Cauca, mainly in the identifying process of the respiratory symptomatics.
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