A theoretical model of emission reductions is specified that accounts for voluntary and nonvoluntary behaviour regarding the adherence to the Helsinki and Sofia Protocols, which mandated emission reductions for sulphur (S) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ), respectively. From this model, we derive an econometric specification for the demand for emission reductions that adjusts for the spatial dispersion of the pollutant. When tested for 25 European nations, the model performs well for sulphur cutbacks. Less satisfying results are obtained for NO x , because the model's assumption of a unitary actor at the national level is less descriptive. Collective action considerations indicate that sulphur emissions are easier to control than those of NO x .
Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. iu DEDICATION This work is dedicated to three people who have supported me during the most diflScult time in my life. The first is my mother, Dorothy Sargent, who for 34 years has shown me what love and patience truly mean. The second is my major professor, Todd Sandler, who became like a foster parent to me during my hospitalization. Had it not been for him, I might not be walking on two feet today. His encouraging visits, phone calls, and E-mails never failed to boost my spirits when I needed it. The third is my best fnend, Tzu-Ling Huang, whose continued love throughout my accident and recovery have shown me that the reasons I am loved have nothing to do with my feet.
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