Whether or not depth perception influences brightness and/or lightness perception has been repeatedly discussed, and some studies have emphasized its importance. In addition, a small number of studies have empirically tested and shown the effect of depth inversion, such as seen in the Mach card illusion, on perceived lightness, and they interpreted such results in terms of lightness constancy. However, how perceived brightness changes contingent on depth inversion remains unexplained. Therefore, this study used the matching method to examine changes in brightness perception when depth inversion is observed. We created and used a three-dimensional (3D) concave object, composed of three sides made of card stock, which could be perceived as having two different shapes in 3D; it could be perceived as a horizontal concave object, corresponding to its actual physical structure, and as a convex standing object, similar in shape to a building. Participants observed this object as both a concave object and as a convex object, and judged the brightness of its surfaces during each observation. Our results show that the perception of the brightness of the object’s surfaces clearly changed depending on the perception of depth. When the object was seen as convex, one part of the surface was perceived as darker than when the object was seen as concave, but the other part of the surface remained unchanged. Here we discuss the relationship between depth perception and brightness perception in terms of perceptual organization.
Brightness comparison with central and peripheral vision was conducted to investigate the relation between brightness perception and attention. A dual-task was employed which consisted of a central vision task to detect a character with different luminance from others on RSVP (Rapid Serial Visual Presentation), and a brightness comparison task just after the former task. In brightness comparison, the luminance was 6cd/m2 for central stimulus and from 3 to 12 cd/m2 for the peripherals with 10 or 20 degrees eccentricity. SOA was 200 or 500 ms in the both task. As the results, the change of the perceived peripheral brightness with the luminance was larger (i.e., the perceived brightness was more affected by the luminance change of the stimulus), when the SOA was longer, the eccentricity was smaller and / or the subject was more experimented. The duration of the stimulus presentation was longer than the critical duration of the photoreceptors. SOA, eccentricity and skills generally change attention status. Therefore, the results suggest that the brightness was affected by attention in this experiment.
It is generally believed that, when information from different sensory modalities is in conflict, vision typically dominates touch. In contrast, it has been shown that haptics can play an important role in the development of visual spatial perception in congenitally blind or early blinded people with restored sight. In the present study, the relationship between touch and vision was investigated by examining the effects of haptics on the appearance of the Hering and Wundt optical illusions in sighted individuals. Participants judged the apparent curvature of two lines in Hering-and Wundt-type figures, while they actively explored a wooden board that was shaped concave, convex, or parallel. They were asked to choose a comparison figure whose shape matched the apparent curvature of the two test lines. The results revealed that the participants' responses were biased towards the curvature obtained by actively touching the haptic stimuli.
: Our previous study demonstrated that the information given by touch altered the appearance of visual illusion despite the dominance of visual experience. In the previous study, wooden pieces with various curvatures were used as haptic stimuli. In the present study, we used stereoscopic print of the Hering and Wundt figures which had various curvatures of test lines. We examined whether the haptic information which was presented on a plane surface (stereoscopic print) can change the seeing of the lines on the visual illusions-patterns. Participants judged the extent of apparent curvature of each visual test figure, with or without touching. It was found that some information given by touch can change the seeing of visual illusions. Moreover, the results showed that the biased tendencies in apparent curvature by the visual information coincided with those given by touch information. However, compared with our previous study, the effect of haptic information on a plane surface was partial. Therefore, it can be concluded that the 2D haptic information doesn't have more impact on vision than 3D haptic information when the touch-oriented perception was determined.
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