Stem cells are capable of renewing themselves through cell division and have the remarkable ability to differentiate into many different types of cells. They therefore have the potential to become a central tool in regenerative medicine. During the last decade, advances in tissue engineering and stem cell-based tooth regeneration have provided realistic and attractive means of replacing lost or damaged teeth. Investigation of embryonic and adult (tissue) stem cells as potential cell sources for tooth regeneration has led to many promising results. However, technical and ethical issues have hindered the availability of these cells for clinical application. The recent discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has provided the possibility to revolutionize the field of regenerative medicine (dentistry) by offering the option of autologous transplantation. In this article, we review the current progress in the field of stem cell-based tooth regeneration and discuss the possibility of using iPS cells for this purpose.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the health promotion practises of rural residents in northern Japan (n = 212) to those in south-eastern North Carolina, USA (n = 105), using the Health Promotion Lifestyle II (HPLP) scale. Methods: A comparative and descriptive design examined the relationships between health-related behaviors and demographic and physiological variables, and compared cross-cultural patterns. Results: The Japanese participants scored significantly higher on the total HPLP II score, as well as on the subscales of health responsibility, nutrition, interpersonal support, and stress management. No significant differences were found in the HPLP II subscales for spiritual growth or physical activity between the groups. The subscale scores for both the participants from Japan and the participants from North Carolina were lowest for physical activity. For the participants from North Carolina, the HPLP II subscale scores were highest for spirituality and interpersonal relationships. The predictive factors of variation in the scores of the HPLP II for the participants from North Carolina included being married and not working. No significant demographic predictor was found for the HPLP II scores of the Japanese participants. Conclusions: The study's findings add to an increased understanding of the cultural variations in the health-promoting behaviors of persons with hypertension. Providing health promotion strategies for hypertension remains an urgent issue for nurses and other health-care providers in both Japan and North Carolina, USA.

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Aim: e present study was conducted to clarify the appropriate needle insertion depth for intramuscular injection based on assessment of BMI.Methods: e participants were 553 individuals more than 18 years old. We measured their height, weight, subcutaneous tissue thickness over the deltoid and gluteus medius, and muscle thickness of the deltoid. We clari ed the association between BMI and subcutaneous tissue thickness, with reference to muscle thickness, we clari ed the appropriate needle length for intramuscular injection. Results: Subcutaneous tissue thickness over the deltoid was 0.04 BMI 0.25 in males, and 0.04 BMI 0.17 in females. However, in individuals with a BMI of <18.5, there was a risk of hitting the bone because the deltoid muscle was thin. erefore, the appropriate needle length was 1.5 cm for BMI ≤18.5 <30.0, and 2.0 cm for BMI≥30.0. Subcutaneous tissue thickness over the gluteus medius was 0.05 BMI 0.38 in males, and 0.05 BMI 0.03 in females. However, in individuals with a BMI of ≥30.0, there was a risk of subcutaneous injection because of thick subcutaneous tissue over the gluteus medius. erefore, the appropriate needle length was 1.5 cm for BMI<18.5, and 2.0 cm for BMI≥18.5 <30.0.Conclusion: e appropriate needle insertion depth for intramuscular injection into the deltoid is 1.5 cm for BMI<18.5 <30.0 and 2 cm for BMI≥30.0, whereas that for the gluteus medius is 1.5 cm for BMI <18.5 and 2.0 cm for BMI≥18.5 <30.0.