This paper investigates the characteristics of coastal damages caused by Super Typhoon Haiyan with special focuses on dynamic behavior of storm surge and waves around San Pedro Bay. Numerical experiments were carried out to investigate the sensitivity of storm surge characteristics to various conditions, such as typhoon tracks, forward speed, and bottom frictions. Computed characteristics of storm surge and waves were compared to the observed inundation characteristics. Primary findings of the study are: (i) bay seiche elevated the peak surge height at the inner part of the bay; (ii) forward speed of Haiyan was close to the worst condition that enhances the bay seiche; (iii) neither storm waves nor storm surge could explain the observed inundation characteristics around the bay mouth, where the witnessed time of initial inundation was about 1h before the one at the inner part of the bay and the water level rapidly descended just after the peak while it remained for an hour at the inner part of the bay; and (iv) strong anti-clockwise circulating current was developed around the peak surge time and this current might have significant impact on wave dissipation and blocking around the San Pedro Bay mouth.
This paper investigates characteristics of coastal damage caused by Super Typhoon Haiyan with special focuses on locally varying wave deformations along the coast of Eastern Samar fronted by shallow fringing reef. The paper first summarized the field survey results and indicated that the erosion depth of the beach had negative correlation with the width of fringing reef along the straight coastline while a drastic variation of the damage levels was observed around Matarinao Bay mouth. A phase-resolved nonlinear dispersive wave model and a linear mild slope equation model were respectively applied for computations of wave deformations on the long-straight coastline with fringing reef and on the coast around Matarinao Bay. Computed rapid decay of waves on the reef reasonably explained observed negative correlations between erosion depth and the reef width. Around Matarinao Bay, on the other hand, wave refraction and diffraction played a significant role to explain wave concentration on the reef just outside of the bay mouth and also significant wave attenuation inside the bay mouth. Observed wave deformation characteristics were not sensitive to incident wave angles and periods and were reasonably consistent with the observed alongshore variation of maximum water levels and corresponding damages along the coast.
The east coast of eastern Samar in the Philippines faces to the Pacific Ocean and suffered significant damage due to storm waves caused by Typhoon Haiyan. The coast has various characteristic features such as fringing coral reef, varying beach slopes, pocket beaches and well-developed mangrove forest especially inside Matarinao bay. This paper aims to investigate how this characteristic coast was affected by the catastrophic typhoon event mainly through observations of satellite images. Various types of optical satellite images were utilized to capture the changes before and after the typhoon event. Comparisons of satellite observations and numerically computed wave height distributions along the coast clearly showed that the coast inside the bay was strongly protected by sand spit with fringing reefs and thus mangrove strip inside the bay was less damaged. It was also found that estimated penetration distance of wave runup on the beach showed certain correlation with the local width of fringing coral reefs.
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