Introduction: National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines gene therapy as an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. Although gene therapy is a promising treatment option for a number of diseases (including inherited disorders, some types of cancer, and certain viral infections), the technique remains risky and is still under study to make sure that it will be effective and safe. Methods: Applications of viral vectors and nonviral gene delivery systems have found an encouraging new beginning in gene therapy in recent years. Although several viral vectors and nonviral gene delivery systems have been developed in the past 3 decades, no one delivery system can be applied in gene therapy to all cell types in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the use of viral vector systems (both in vitro and in vivo) present unique occupational health and safety challenges. In this review article, we discuss the biosafety challenges and the current framework of risk assessment for working with the viral vector systems. Discussion: The recent advances in the field of gene therapy is exciting, but it is important for scientists, institutional biosafety committees, and biosafety officers to safeguard public trust in the use of this technology in clinical trials and make conscious efforts to engage the public through ongoing forums and discussions.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) typically occurs as a result of truncating mutations in the DMD gene that result in a lack of expression of the dystrophin protein in muscle fibers. Various therapies under development are directed toward restoring dystrophin expression at the subsarcolemmal membrane, including gene transfer. In a trial of intramuscular adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated delivery of a therapeutic minidystrophin construct, we identified in two of six subjects the presence of a population of T cells that had been primed to recognize dystrophin epitopes before transgene delivery. As the presence of preexisting T cell immunity may have a significant effect on the success of therapeutic approaches for restoring dystrophin, we sought to determine the prevalence of such immunity within a DMD cohort from our Muscular Dystrophy Association clinic. Dystrophin-specific T cell immunity was evaluated in subjects with DMD who were either receiving the glucocorticoid steroid prednisone (n=24) or deflazacort (n=29), or who were not receiving steroids (n=17), as well as from normal age-matched control subjects (n=21). We demonstrate that increasing age correlates with an increased risk for the presence of anti-dystrophin T cell immunity, and that treatment with either corticosteroid decreases risk compared with no treatment, suggesting that steroid therapy in part may derive some of its benefit through modulation of T cell responses. The frequency of dystrophin-specific T cells detected by enzyme-linked immunospot assay was lower in subjects treated with deflazacort versus prednisone, despite similar overall corticosteroid exposure, suggesting that the effects of the two corticosteroids may not be identical in patients with DMD. T cells targeted epitopes upstream and downstream of the dystrophin gene mutation and involved the CD4⁺ helper and/or CD8⁺ cytotoxic subsets. Our data confirm the presence of preexisting circulating T cell immunity to dystrophin in a sizable proportion of patients with DMD, and emphasize the need to consider this in the design and interpretation of clinical gene therapy trials.
No treatment is currently available for mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIB, a neuropathic lysosomal storage disease caused by autosomal recessive defect in a-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU). In anticipation of a clinical gene therapy treatment for MPS IIIB in humans, we tested the rAAV9-CMV-hNAGLU vector administration to cynomolgus monkeys (n = 8) at 1E13 vg/kg or 2E13 vg/kg via intravenous injection. No adverse events or detectable toxicity occurred over a 6-month period. Gene delivery resulted in persistent global central nervous system and broad somatic transduction, with NAGLU activity detected at 2.9-12-fold above endogenous levels in somatic tissues and 1.3-3-fold above endogenous levels in the brain. Secreted rNAGLU was detected in serum. Low levels of preexisting anti-AAV9 antibodies (Abs) did not diminish vector transduction. Importantly, high-level preexisting anti-AAV9 Abs lead to reduced transduction in liver and other somatic tissues, but had no detectable impact on transgene expression in the brain. Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay showed Ab responses to both AAV9 and rNAGLU in treated animals. Serum anti-hNAGLU Abs, but not anti-AAV9 Abs, correlated with the loss of circulating rNAGLU enzyme. However, serum Abs did not affect tissue rNAGLU activity levels. Weekly or monthly peripheral blood interferon-c enzyme-linked immunospot assays detected a CD4 + T-cell (Th-1) response to rNAGLU only at 4 weeks postinjection in one treated subject, without observable correlation to tissue transduction levels. The treatment did not result in detectable CTL responses to either AAV9 or rNAGLU. Our data demonstrate an effective and safe profile for systemic rAAV9-hNAGLU vector delivery in nonhuman primates, supporting its clinical potential in humans.
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