Recebido em 15/3/05; aceito em 3/8/05; publicado na web em 14/3/06 CHITOSAN: HYDROSSOLUBLE DERIVATIVES, PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS AND RECENT ADVANCES. Chitin and chitosan are copolymers build from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucosamine. The former is widely found in nature and yields the latter on deacetylation. The copolymers are being used for several purposes. Since 1977, when the First International Conference on Chitin and Chitosan was held in Boston, USA, the interest on chitin and chitosan has remarkably increased. This review emphasizes pharmaceutical applications of chitosan and its derivatives, and presents recent advances. Some therapeutical applications of these polymers are also discussed.Keywords: chitosan; hydrossoluble derivatives; pharmaceutical applications. INTRODUÇÃOQuitina e quitosana são copolímeros constituídos por unidades Nacetil-D-glicosamina e D-glicosamina em proporções variáveis, sendo que o primeiro tipo dessas unidades predomina no caso de quitina, enquanto quitosana é composta predominantemente, por unidades Dglicosamina 1 . A quitina é o segundo polissacarídeo mais abundante na natureza depois da celulose, sendo o principal componente do exoesqueleto de crustáceos e insetos; sua presença ocorre também em nematóides e parede celular de fungos e leveduras 1 . A quitosana pode ser obtida a partir da quitina por meio da desacetilação com álcalis, podendo também estar naturalmente presente em alguns fungos, como aqueles pertecentes aos gêneros Mucor e Zygomicetes 2 . De acordo com o grau médio de acetilação (GA), parâmetro empregado para caracterizar o conteudo médio de unidades N-acetil-D-glicosamina de quitina e quitosana, podem-se obter diversas quitosanas variando-se, assim, suas propriedades físico-químicas, como solubilidade, pKa e viscosidade 3 . Geralmente, é difícil de se obter quitosana com elevado grau de desacetilação, pois, à medida que este aumenta, a possibilidade de degradação do polímero também aumenta 4 . A Figura 1 representa as estruturas químicas parciais da quitina e quitosana.O emprego de quitina e quitosana e a pesquisa por novas aplicações têm aumentado exponencialmente em diversas áreas, como na agricultura e indústria de alimentos, mas, especialmente, na indústria farmacêutica, no desenvolvimento de cosméticos 5-12 e biomateriais, tais como géis, filmes e membranas poliméricas [13][14][15][16][17] . De acordo com Khor 18 , um aspecto importante na utilização de quitosana diz respeito à sua produção a partir da quitina. Esta deve ser realizada de forma adequada, de maneira que garanta, ao final do processo, a obtenção de quitosana com alto grau de pureza, sobretudo isenta de contaminantes, como proteínas, endotoxinas e metais tóxicos. Neste âmbito, é válido ressaltar que o polímero obtido deve ser caracterizado adequadamente quanto à massa molar, grau de acetilação e distribuição deste grupo ao longo da cadeia polimérica. Estas características podem influenciar na biodegradabilidade do mesmo, principalmente na acessibilidade enzimática, influenciando a hi...
Chitosan based membranes to be applied on wound healing as topical drug delivery systems were developed by graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) onto chitosan using cerium ammonium nitrate as chemical initiator. Evidence for graft copolymerization of the vinyl monomers onto chitosan was obtained by FTIR and DMTA. Swelling degree, cytotoxicity, thrombogenicity and haemolytic activity of these membranes were evaluated. Chitosan-graft-AA-graft-HEMA showed to be the best matrix for drug delivery systems than chitosan-graft-AA because it retains good swelling properties, but the content in HEMA has improved cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility and thrombogenic character.
Several species of scorpions are known to cause accidents which can lead to death, most of them belonging to the genus Tityus. Tityus serrulatus is considered the most dangerous scorpion in South America. In Brazil, T. serrulatus is responsible for serious accidents, including deaths, which occur mainly with children and elderly people. Anti-scorpion sera are routinely produced by various institutions, and suitable technologies have been investigated for encapsulation and release recombinant or native proteins capable of inducing antibody production. In this context, biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, such as chitosan, have been employed for this purpose. This study aimed to obtain a protein release system for the peptides or proteins from T. serrulatus, based on cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles (CN) in order to generate a new model of immunization in animals, and consequently a potentially novel polyclonal serum, namely an anti-T. serrulatus venom. CN were successfully obtained by ionic gelation using the polyanion tripolyphosphate (TPP), which demonstrated a suitable particle size of about 200 nm, with maximum encapsulation efficiency (100%) and enhanced antigen-specific antibody titers of 72%. The serum production data revealed that CN were equipotent to aluminum hydroxide, the traditional adjuvant for immunization. This study demonstrates that chitosan nanoparticles are a promising and safe system for peptide/protein delivery for T. serrulatus scorpion.
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