Scholars across domains in psychology, physiology, and neuroscience have long been interested in the study of shared physiological experiences between people. Recent technological and analytic advances allow researchers to examine new questions about how shared physiological experiences come about. Yet, comprehensive guides that address the theoretical, methodological, and analytic components of studying these processes are lacking. The goal of this paper is to provide such a guide. We begin by addressing basic theoretical issues in the study of shared physiological states by presenting five guiding theoretical principles for making psychological inferences from physiological influence-the extent to which one dyad member's physiology predicts the other dyad member's physiology at a future time point. Second, keeping theoretical and conceptual concerns at the forefront, we outline considerations and recommendations for designing, implementing, and analyzing dyadic psychophysiological studies. In so doing, we discuss the different types of physiological measures one could use to address different theoretical questions. Third, we provide three illustrative examples in which we estimate physiological influence, using the stability and influence model. We conclude by providing detail about power analyses for the model and by comparing the strengths and limitations of this model to pre-existing models. Scholars have utilized physiological approaches to capture psychological experiences of individuals-including emotions, motivations, and attention-since the early 20 th Century (e.g., Cohen & Patterson, 1937;Darrow, 1929;Jacobson, 1930; Mittleman & Wolff, 1929). For example, early work by Carl Jung examined electrodermal activity as a measure of attention to different stimuli in healthy and clinical samples (Ricksher & Jung, 1908). Beginning in the 1950s, social scientists started to collect data from two or more people in interpersonal interactions to measure interdependence between their physiological states. Early work focused on how similarity between patients' and therapists' heart rates mapped onto behavioral processes such as rapport and antagonism (Coleman, Greenblatt, & Soloman, 1956;DiMascio, Boyd, & Greenblatt, 1957). Since that time, physiological influence has been used to study romantic couples, parent-child dyads, and newly-acquainted dyads and teams, and influence has been associated with relationship quality, individual differences like attachment, and the development of self-regulation and trust (Hill-Soderlund et al., 2008;Levenson & Gottman, 1983;Mitkidis, McGraw, Roepstorff, & Wallot, 2015;Suveg, Shaffer, & Davis, 2016; for reviews see Timmons, Margolin, & Saxbe, 2015;Palumbo et al., 2016).A primary strength of studying physiological influence in interpersonal encounters is that it allows scholars to test theoretical questions that are not testable using traditional measures of self-report or behavioral recordings alone. For example, physiological measures can provide continuous information ...
Rates of HIV/STI transmission among Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) are alarmingly high and demand urgent public health attention. Stigma related concerns are a key barrier to accessing health care and prevention tools, yet limited research has been focused in this area. Experiences of stigma related to health care were evaluated among 151 BMSM residing in the Atlanta, GA area, both prior to and post HIV or STI diagnosis in a longitudinal study (data collected from 2014 to 2016). Findings demonstrated that inadequate health care engagement is associated with post-diagnosis anticipated stigma (b = - 0.38, SE = 0.17 p ≤ .05). Pre-diagnosis prejudice is a predictor of post-diagnosis enacted (b = 0.39, SE = 0.14, p < .01), anticipated (b = .28, SE = 0.14, p < .05), and internalized (b = .22, SE = 0.06, p < .001) stigmas. This study is the first of its kind to assess experiences of stigma among BMSM during a critical time (i.e., before and after diagnosis) for HIV/STI prevention and treatment. Results provide a novel understanding of how stigma unfolds over-time and provide direction for stigma intervention development.
Scholars across domains in psychology, physiology, and neuroscience have long been interested in the study of shared physiological experiences between people. Recent technological and analytic advances allow researchers to examine new questions about how shared physiological experiences come about. Yet, comprehensive guides that address the theoretical, methodological, and analytic components of studying these processes are lacking. The goal of this paper is to provide such a guide. We begin by addressing basic theoretical issues in the study of shared physiological states by presenting five guiding theoretical principles for making psychological inferences from physiological influence—the extent to which one dyad member’s physiology predicts the other dyad member’s physiology at a future time point. Second, keeping theoretical and conceptual concerns at the forefront, we outline considerations and recommendations for designing, implementing, and analyzing dyadic psychophysiological studies. In so doing, we discuss the different types of physiological measures one could use to address different theoretical questions. Third, we provide three illustrative examples in which we estimate physiological influence, using the stability and influence model. We conclude by providing detail about power analyses for the model and by comparing the strengths and limitations of this model to pre-existing models.
Background Uncontrolled hemorrhage from vessel injuries within the torso remains a significant source of prehospital trauma mortality. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta can effectively control non-compressible hemorrhage, but this minimally invasive technique relies heavily upon imaging not available in the field. Our goal was to develop morphometric roadmaps to enhance the safety and accuracy of fluoroscopy-free endovascular navigation of hemorrhage control devices. Methods Three-dimensional reconstructions of computed tomography angiography scans from n=122 trauma patients (mean age 47±24 years, range 5-93 years, 64 Male/58 Female) were used to measure centerline distances from femoral artery access sites to the major aortic branch artery origins. Morphometric roadmap equations were created using multiple linear regression analysis to predict distances to the origins of the major arteries in the chest, abdomen and pelvis using torso length, demographics, and risk factors as independent variables. A 40-mm long occlusion balloon was then virtually deployed targeting Zones 1 and 3 of the aorta using these equations. Balloon placement accuracy was determined by comparing predicted versus actual measured distances to the target zone locations within the aortas from the database. Results Torso length and age were the strongest predictors of centerline distances from femoral artery access sites to the major artery origins. Male gender contributed to longer distances while diabetes and smoking were associated with shorter distances. Hypertension, dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease had no effect. Using morphometric roadmaps, virtual occlusion balloon placement accuracy was 100% for Zone 3 of the aorta, compared to 87% accuracy when using torso length alone. Conclusion Morphometric roadmaps demonstrate potential for improving the safety and accuracy of fluoroscopy-free aortic occlusion balloon delivery. Continued development of minimally invasive hemorrhage control techniques hold promise to improve prehospital mortality for patients with noncompressible exsanguinating torso injuries. Level of evidence Diagnostic, level III.
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