Women undergo important changes in sex hormones throughout their lifetime that can impact cardiovascular disease risk. Whereas the traditional cardiovascular risk factors dominate in older age, there are several female-specific risk factors and inflammatory risk variables that influence a woman’s risk at younger and middle age. Hypertensive pregnancy disorders and gestational diabetes are associated with a higher risk in younger women. Menopause transition has an additional adverse effect to ageing that may demand specific attention to ensure optimal cardiovascular risk profile and quality of life. In this position paper, we provide an update of gynaecological and obstetric conditions that interact with cardiovascular risk in women. Practice points for clinical use are given according to the latest standards from various related disciplines (Figure 1).
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a life-changing diagnosis, with profound physical and psychological consequences. Unfortunately, there are many deficiencies in our understanding of the condition as the underlying etiology and optimum management strategies are poorly understood. Improved awareness of POI and its long-term implications has led to increased research interest in recent years. Current research has allowed a greater understanding of the changing epidemiology in POI, genetic factors in its etiology and randomized controlled trials of hormone therapy are underway to provide evidence for treatment. This article reviews the latest literature on POI to summarize current understanding and future directions. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a life-changing diagnosis, with profound physical and psychological consequences, affecting approximately one in 100 women by the age of 40 years [1]. Unfortunately, there are many deficiencies in our understanding of the condition as the underlying etiology and optimum management strategies are poorly understood. Furthermore, controversy exists surrounding the terminology and diagnostic criteria, all of which can have a significant impact on the patients' well-being.Improved awareness of POI and its longterm implications has led to increased research interest in recent years. Current research has allowed a greater understanding of the changing epidemiology in POI, genetic factors in its etiology and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of hormone therapy (HT) are underway to provide evidence for treatment. Here we aim to review the latest literature on POI to summarize current understanding and future directions. TerminologyThere has been a long-standing lack of consensus over the nomenclature of the disorder, with a variety of other terms in use, such as primary ovarian insufficiency, premature ovarian failure, premature menopause and hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism. We use the term premature ovarian insufficiency as it encompasses both spontaneous POI and the increasing number of women who have suffered POI as a result of iatrogenic interventions. The term insufficiency, rather than failure, is thought to more accurately reflect the unpredictable nature of ovarian function in the disorder as intermittent ovarian function, resulting in ovulation and even pregnancy, can occur [2,3]. The use of the term 'premature' refers to the timeline rather than the etiology, that is, ovarian insufficiency which has occurred before 40 years of age from any cause. It is important to note, however, that the condition does not always develop by the same mechanism as the normal menopause, which is due to follicle depletion. For example, some women develop POI due to mutations in the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor -these women have follicles in the ovary that are unable to function. Another example is steroidogenic cell POI has traditionally been defined as the triad of amenorrhea, elevated gonadotrophins and estrogen deficiency occurring in women under the age...
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is the occurrence of amenorrhoea, elevated gonadotrophins and hypoestrogenism in women under 40 years of age. It has important physical and psychological consequences and is increasingly common due to improved survival following treatment for malignancy. Despite this, it remains a poorly understood condition. Here we review the presentation and investigation of POF, discuss recent advances in the management of affected women, and suggest how our knowledge of the condition could be improved.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.