Agricultural soil samples were collected from the areas where edible plants had been cultivated in southern Poland. The PHE content decreased in proportion to the median value specified in brackets (mg/kg d.m.) as follows: Zn (192) [ Pb (47.1) [ Cr (19.6) [ Cu (18.8) [ Ni (9.91) [ As (5.73) [ Co (4.63) [ Sb (0.85) [ Tl (0.04) [ Cd (0.03) [ Hg (0.001) [ Se (\ LOQ). No PHE concentrations exceeded the permissible levels defined in the Polish law. The PHE solubility (extracted with CaCl 2) in the total concentration ranged in the following order: Fe (3.3%) [ Cd (2.50%) [ Ni (0.75%) [ Zn (0.48%) [ Cu (0.19%) [ Pb (0.10%) [ Cr (0.03%). The soil contamination indices revealed moderate contamination with Zn, ranging from uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with Pb, and, practically, no contamination with other PHEs was identified. The ecological risk indices revealed that soils ranged from uncontaminated to slightly contaminated with Zn, Pb, As, Cu, and Ni. The PCA indicated natural sources of origin of Co, Cu, Hg, Sb, Zn, Cr, and Pb, as well as anthropogenic sources of origin of Cd, Ni, As, and Tl. The human health risk assessment (HHRA) for adults and children decreased in the following order of exposure pathways: ingestion [ dermal contact [ inhalation of soil particles. The total carcinogenic risk values for both adults and children were at the acceptable level under residential (1.62E-05 and 6.39E-05) and recreational scenario (5.41E-06 and 2.46E-05), respectively, as well as for adults in agricultural scenario (1.45E-05). The total noncarcinogenic risk values for both adults and children under residential scenario (1.63E-01 and 4.55E-01, respectively), under recreational scenario (2.88E-01 and 6.69E-01, respectively) and for adults Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (
Surface samples (0–25 cm each) of agricultural soils were investigated in five Regions (voivodeships) of southern Poland. The mean Potentially Harmful Element (PHE) pseudototal content ranges were as follows (mg/kg): As 5.19–10.9, Cd 0.34–1.56, Co 1.92–6.70, Cr 9.05–25.7, Cu 8.74–69.4, Hg 0.001–0.08, Ni 3.93–19.9, Pb 20.3–183, Sb 0.80–1.42, Tl 0.04–0.17, and Zn 61.3–422. The PHE availability depended on pH, the organic carbon (Corg) content, and the pseudototal PHE content in soils. Exchangeable and acid soluble PHE contents (BCRF1) determined in the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) three-step sequential extraction procedure decreased in this order: Cd > Zn > Co > Ni = Sb > Cu > Tl > As > Cr = Pb. Actually available PHE contents in pore water (0.01 mol/dm3 CaCl2) ranged as follows: Cd 0.81–17%, Cr 0–0.25%, Cu 0.01–2.31%, Ni 0.16–2%, Pb 0.2–0.49%, and Zn 0.25–2.12%. The potential soluble total content of PHEs in pore water (0.05 mol/dm3 Na2EDTA) ranged as follows: Cd 27–91%, Cr 0.7–7.1%, Cu 6.7–98%, Ni 3.6–41%, Pb 15–41%, and Zn 3–34%. The mobility factor (MF) values indicated Cd (31.6%) and Zn (21.0%) as the most mobile elements in soil. Other PHEs followed the order of Co > Ni > Tl > As > Sb > Cu > Cr > Pb, with the MF values <10%. The risk assessment code (RAC) values revealed a very high ecological risk of Cd and Zn in the Podkarpackie Region and a high ecological risk of Cd in the Regions of Opolskie, Śląskie, Małopolskie, and Podkarpackie, and the same of Zn in the Opolskie and Śląskie. The modified risk assessment code (mRAC) index pointed a very high potential of adverse effects in soils in the Podkarpackie and a medium potential in the Opolskie, Śląskie, Małopolskie, and Świętokrzyskie. The potential adverse effect risk, described by the individual contamination factor (ICF) factor, was the following in the Regions, in the decreasing order: Cd > Pb > Sb > Zn > Co > Cu > Ni > Tl > As > Cr, and the same as described by the global contamination factor (GCF) values: Opolskie > Podkarpackie > Świętokrzyskie > Śląskie > Małopolskie.
Purpose: This article aims to answer the following questions: (1) Does Chinese craftsmanship also have a future in the e-commerce space? (2) How do Chinese artisans find their professional activity in the field of e-commerce? (3) What issues related to Chinese crafts and e-commerce are the topics most often shown by the media? Design/Methodology/Approach: The research used an analysis of the literature on the subject and Polish, English, and Chinese journalists published on the Internet. Findings: The article describes the Chinese internet industry's formation, which has surprised many with its dynamics and scale over the past 30 years. Chinese craftsmanship in e-commerce was presented from the perspective of shaping the spirit of craftsmanship and changes and modern trends in the contemporary economy. This paper analyzes the profiles of the "young" generation of craftsmen, who show an openness to changes and introduce new solutions and the willingness to follow the latest trends. Practical Implications: The presented results are important for the scientific community, mainly due to the apparent lack of materials related to craftsmanship and e-commerce and groups of craftsmen planning to expand their business with activity in the e-commerce space. Originality/Value: Research results can contribute to increasing the knowledge about the activity of artisans in the field of e-commerce and exploring the information presented by the Polish, English, and Chinese media.
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