Propolis is a product of the vital activity of the honey bee Apis mellifera. Bees produce propolis by mixing substances gathered from budding plants, flower buds and resinous exudates. They thus produce a material suitable for closing gaps, embalming dead insects within the beehive and protection from invasion by microorganisms and insects. This activity of propolis results from its composition. Raw propolis is typically composed of 50 % plant resins, 30 % waxes, 10 % essential and aromatic oils, 5 % pollens and 5 % other organic substances [1]. Propolis possessed a variety of biological and pharmacological effects, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumour, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory. However, propolis could not be used as a raw material, so it must be purified by extraction to remove the inert material and preserve the polyphenolic fraction, which is primarily responsible for its activity [1,2]. Generally, ethanol is the best solvent for propolis preparation, but other solvents such as ethyl ether, water, methanol and chloroform could also be used for extraction and identification of propolis constituents [3]. More than 300 different compounds have been identified in propolis, including phenols, tannins, polysaccharides, terpenes, aliphatic acids, esters, aromatic acids, fatty acids, aldehydes, amino
Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by bees from the buds or other parts of plants. It is known for having various biological properties, including antifungal activity. Among the substances present in propolis, flavonoids and phenolic acids and their esters are responsible for its antifungal properties. This means that propolis is ideal for use as an antifungal agent in alternative medicine to treat a number of both topical and systemic infections caused by Candida species and other yeast-like fungi, dermatophyte and nondermatophyte moulds, without the serious side effects typical of synthetic treatment. It is also active against strains of fungi that are resistant to polyenes and azoles, the classes of drugs most commonly used to treat fungal infections. In this article, we review current knowledge about the activity of propolis from different parts of the world and its components in vitro and in vivo against pathogenic fungi isolated from human infections. The article also indicates the possible mechanism of antifungal activity of propolis and its components.
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