No abstract

Bifunctional ammonium and phosphonium salts have been identified as potential organocatalysts for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate methacrylate (GCMA). Three of these catalysts showed high efficiency and allowed the conversion of glycidyl methacrylate with CO2 to the desired product in >99 % conversion and selectivity. Subsequently, immobilized analogues of selected catalysts were prepared and tested. A phenol‐substituted phosphonium salt on a silica support proved to be a promising candidate in recycling experiments. The same catalyst was used in 12 consecutive runs, resulting in GCMA yields of up to 88 %. Furthermore, a life cycle assessment was conducted for the synthesis of GCMA starting from epichlorohydrin (EPH) and methacrylic acid (MAA). For the functional unit of 1 kg GCMA, 15 wt % was attributed to the incorporation of CO2, which led to a reduction of the global warming potential of 3 % for the overall process.

Purpose Cradle-to-gate life cycle inventories (LCIs) for the production of a series of common surfactants used in European detergents and personal care products have been voluntarily compiled by 14 major companies collaborating within ERASM (www.erasm.org). The study builds on a similar project executed by CEFIC-Franklin (1994) and summarised by Stalmans et al. (Tenside Surf Det 32:84-109, 1995). The data are targeted as an industry-agreed and representative market average for surfactants in Europe for the reference year 2011. The purpose of this paper is to describe how these dataset were generated, to provide some summary results and interpretation, and to indicate where the full datasets and additional technical documentation can be found. Methods The methodology followed was an attributional life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, compliant with LCA standards ISO 14040 (2006), ISO 14044 (2006), and ILCD entry level (2010). For each major unit process in the production of surfactants and precursors, a minimum of three companies (a 'trio') was identified. When no industry-specific data were available, either literature or recent and reliable process data were used. For worldwide traded precursor materials like palm oil, palm kernel oil, and coconut oil, an extensive literaturebased LCI study was performed. Two independent external reviewers supported the project from the beginning through completion. In addition, the oil palm and coconut-and tallowbased renewable precursors were reviewed by a third independent expert.Results and discussion In the study, a good level of representativeness was achieved with 70 primary data collections in 12 companies. To illustrate the outcome of the work, two indicators/impacts were calculated and reported, i.e. primary energy demand (PED) and global warming potential (GWP). The LCIs allow the calculation of additional impact categories, but these were not analysed within the scope of this project.The PED for most of the surfactants and their precursors is in the range of 52 to 77 GJ/tonne. Exceptions are the production of cocamide diethanolamine (CDEA) and C16-C18 triethanolamine esterquat (TEA-quat) with a PED of around 40 GJ/tonne, and 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) around 108 GJ/tonne. Petrochemical precursors show an intensive but established and optimised supply chain. Where comparison is possible, their PED does not differ much from the earlier CEFIC-Franklin (1994) data. There are indications that PED for surfactant production has decreased slightly over the last 20 years due to energy efficiency measures.The GWP for the reportable precursors ranges from − 1989 kg CO 2 e/tonne for Coconut Oil Methyl Ester to 4894 kg CO 2 e/tonne for DMAPA. For the final surfactants, the range is from − 887 kg CO 2 e/tonne for CDEA to 2674 kg CO 2 e/tonne for C12-C15 AE3. There is a significant difference between the cradle-to-gate GWP of the renewable precursors palm oil/palm kernel oil (PO/PKO) and coconut oil (CNO). The CNO products have a calculated net negative cradle-to-g...

In Table 4, reference to the footnotes should be a, b and c (instead of 1, 2 and 3). Table 6 was not correctly displayed. The reference approach used in this study should be marked in bold (not in grey).