K Ka ar ro ol l R Ry yc ce er rz z, , J Ja ad dw wi ig ga a E El lż żb bi ie et ta a J Ja aw wo or rs sk ka a--A Ad da am mu u CNS). The aim of this article is to demonstrate the direct and indirect role of astrocytes participating in the harmful effects of aspartame metabolites on neurons. The artificial sweetener is broken down into phenylalanine (50%), aspartic acid (40%) and methanol (10%) during metabolism in the body. The excess of phenylalanine blocks the transport of important amino acids to the brain contributing to reduced levels of dopamine and serotonin. Astrocytes directly affect the transport of this amino acid and also indirectly by modulation of carriers in the endothelium. Aspartic acid at high concentrations is a toxin that causes hyperexcitability of neurons and is also a precursor of other excitatory amino acid -glutamates. Their excess in quantity and lack of astrocytic uptake induces excitotoxicity and leads to the degeneration of astrocytes and neurons. The methanol metabolites cause CNS depression, vision disorders and other symptoms leading ultimately to meta
The aim of the study was to determine the mechanical and geometric properties as well as bone tissue density of long bones in primiparous and multiparous dams of minks supplemented with β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB) and/or 2-oxoketoglutarate (2-Ox) during gestation. Powdered 2-Ox was given at the daily dosage of 0.4 g/kg b.w. separately or simultaneously with HMB, which was administered at the daily dosage of 0.02 g/kg b.w. The study demonstrates for the first time that administration of 2-Ox and/or HMB to dams markedly influences bone tissue density and the mechanical and geometrical properties of mother`s bones in minks. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the supplementation was more effective in the thoracic limb, which was comprehensively used in contrast to the pelvic limb. The mechanical parameters and bone tissue density significantly increased in the humerus in multiparous minks. Only such diet may provide satisfactory production results in the animals. Nutritional deficiencies occurring during pregnancies may trigger body`s own reserves to cover the bone mass increase in developing foetuses and support milk production. This can prevent regeneration of dams' organisms, which negatively affects their reproductive performance. 2-Ox or HMB may be regarded as a protective metabolite when administered orally to minks, counteracting the negative influences of pregnancy and lactation periods on bones condition. Both simultaneous treatment with 2-Ox and HMB and their separate administration were equally effective.
SummaryThe aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the diet, mother type and sex of the offspring on the mechanical and geometric parameters of long bones as well as bone tissue density in minks. Primiparous and multiparous dams were supplemented with β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (a metabolite of leucine, at the daily dosage of 0.02 g/kg of body weight) and/or 2-oxoglutaric acid (a precursor of glutamine, at the daily dosage of 0.4 g/kg of body weight) during gestation. The diet did not influence bone tissue density and the length of the humerus. An increase in the length of the femur was noted in male offspring delivered by multiparous dams. The diet resulted in an increase in the weight of the humerus in males from multiparous dams and a decrease in offspring from primiparous dams. Heavier femora were noted in male offspring delivered by both types of dams. The maximum elastic strength of the humerus was higher in the offspring delivered by multiparous than primiparous dams, irrespective of the offspring sex. The diet resulted in reduction in the ultimate strength of the femur in the male offspring delivered by primiparous dams. Only females born by multiparous dams, irrespective of the diet, showed a significant increase in the cross-sectional area of the humerus, while a significant decline was noted in males delivered by multiparous dams and in all the offspring delivered by primiparous dams. An increase in the cross-sectional area of the femur was noted in the offspring delivered by multiparous dams, while reduction was observed in the offspring delivered by primiparous dams.These results have shown for the first time that the presence of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate or 2-oxoglutaric acid in the diet of pregnant primiparous or multiparous dams unambiguously affects the geometry and mechanical properties of offspring's long bones. K E Y W O R D Sβ-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, 2-oxoglutaric acid, bone, mink
Introduction. Calretinin (CR) is a protein, which is present in GABAergic neurons and belongs to the calciumbinding proteins family. It may reduce the excitotoxicity phenomenon through its Ca 2+ buffering properties. This phenomenon is due to the increase of calcium ions levels caused by the excess of glutamate -the main excitatory neurotransmitter. The aim of the study was to investigate alterations of calretinin-immunoreactivity in neurons of hippocampal CA1 region and dentate gyrus with hilus in 10 day-old rats treated with monosodium glutamate (MSG). Material and methods. Ten 7 day-old Wistar rats were used. The MSG-group consisted of 5 MSG-treated rats at a dose of 4 g/kg b.w. for 3 consecutive days and the second group consisted of 5 control animals. After euthanasia the brains containing hippocampus were dissected and embedded in paraffin blocks. The immunohistochemical peroxidase-antiperoxydase reaction was performed on tissue sections. The morphometric analyses of CR-immunopositive neurons: density, percentage ratio to the density of all cells and an assessment of digital immunostaining intensity were performed. Results. The distribution of the CR-immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus was irregular. In the MSGgroup there were single cells, which were more intensely stained than in control animals. Some of cells contained processes of different length. The density of CR-immunopositive cells and their percentage ratio to the density of all cells did not change significantly after MSG treatment. However, there was a statistically significant increase in the staining intensity of CR-immunopositive cells. Conclusions. The obtained results indicate that CR-positive cells in P7-P10 rats are only slightly affected by MSG in CA1 region and dentate gyrus with hilus of the hippocampus.
Influence of oral administration of HMB to pregnant dams on calbindin expression in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus during postnatal development in spiny mice offspring Summary The aim of the study was to investigate the morphology, density and immunostaining intensity of calbindin (CB)-positive neurons of dentate gyrus (DG) in new-born (P0) and 21-day-old (P21) male Acomys cahirinus mice from dams receiving β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) during pregnancy. Different substances administrated to pregnant dams may affect the calcium ion homeostasis which is crucial for the proper brain development of their offspring. DG with hilus (H) plays an important role in memory and learning processes. Calcium levels in DG are regulated by buffering proteins like calbindin D28k (CB). Experimental dams were orally treated with HMB at a dose of 0.2 g/kg b.w. Half of new-born animals were euthanised after birth and the rest after the 21 st day of life. The brains were dissected and embedded in paraffin blocks using a routine histological technique. In order to demonstrate CB protein expression an immunohistochemical peroxidase-antiperoxidase reaction was conducted. The results of the study did not reveal important morphological alterations. There were no statistically significant changes in the density of the studied cells either in P0 and P21 animals. However, the authors have demonstrated a statistically significant increase of the average CB-immunostaining intensity in nuclei and cytoplasm in both age groups. It may be a result of a compensation effect to alterations that occurred under the influence of HMB. On the basis of the conducted research, it may be assumed that HMB activity in DG may provide long-term consequences.
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