This EGM includes studies that evaluate the effects of agroforestry practices and interventions on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being.A total of 20,271 studies were identified. Only 396 of these met the inclusion criteria to be retained for the EGM. Of these studies, 344 examined the effects of agroforestry practices only, 40 examined the effects of agroforestry interventions, and 12 were systematic reviews (SRs). The studies spanned the period from 2000 to mid-2017, with India, Indonesia, China, and Ethiopia the most studied countries. Most of the studies were observational. Only eight studies used rigorous quasi-experimental methods to evaluate the impacts of agroforestry interventions. None of the included studies used experimental designs (random assignment).

Background: Agroforestry, the intentional integration of trees or other woody perennials with crops or livestock in production systems, is being widely promoted as a conservation and development tool to help meet the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals. Donors, governments, and nongovernmental organizations have invested significant time and resources into developing and promoting agroforestry policies and programs in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) worldwide. While a large body of literature on the impacts of agroforestry practices in LMICs is available, the social-ecological impacts of agroforestry interventions is less well-studied. This knowledge gap on the effectiveness of agroforestry interventions constrains possibilities for evidence-based policy and investment decisions to advance sustainable development objectives.Objectives: The primary objective of this Campbell systematic review was to synthesize the available evidence on the impacts of agroforestry interventions in LMICs on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. The secondary objectives were to identify key pathways through which agroforestry interventions lead to various outcomes and how the interventions affect different sub-groups of the population.Search Methods: This review is based on a previously created evidence and gap map (EGM) of studies evaluating the impacts of agroforestry practices and interventions on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being. We included published and unpublished literature in the English language covering the period between 2000 and October 20, 2017. We searched six academic databases and 19 organization websites to identify potentially relevant studies. The search was conducted for our EGM in mid-2017, and we did not conduct an additional search for this systematic review.

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