This study characterizes safety prequalification surveys currently in use in the construction industry to identify approaches that include leading indicators of worker safety performance. We collected prequalification surveys available in the public domain from internet searches, construction company websites, published literature, and construction industry partners. We utilized a conceptual framework, based on safety theory and best practices, to categorize survey questions. Fifty-two prequalification surveys were identified containing 112 unique questions. Most included questions related to lagging indicators (83 percent), safety management leadership (75 percent), and worker training (60 percent). Safety management system elements such as hazard prevention and control, program evaluation and improvement, and coordination and communication were notably absent in 90 percent of the surveys. There was little consistency in the surveys available concerning leading indicators of safety. Only a small number of surveys currently in use incorporate all the elements of best practices associated with robust safety management systems.
Transmittance of conventional LCDs, which are not suitable for application of transparent displays, is limited by its fixed color gamut. A new structure of transparent display was developed to freely control the color gamut for tuning the transmittance. Its sub-pixel was separated into two parts, colored & white, in order to control the transmittance of each part independently. The maximum transmittance could increase more than twice of original design. A vending machine with the transparent display has been demonstrated. People can see goods, get its information and interact with special program at the same time through touch with reasonable sense of space.
A novel emi-flective display which integrates a reflective liquid crystal display (R-LCD) and an organic light emitting diode (OLED) was demonstrated, whose OLED achieved a gain factor of 8 in contrast ratio (CR) compared with the conventional OLED. Under the high light ambience, the R-LCD is sustained with the CR of 10 : 1 at the viewing angle between AE55 ; while in the dim ambience, the OLED is operated with the CR of 5000 : 1 at AE50 . By replacing the backlight system with OLED, emi-flective display has the benefits of lighter weight (<90%), thinner form factor (<40%), and lower power consumption (<2%, under sunlight) compared with the conventional LCD; therefore, to be very applicable for mobile products.
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