Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are known for their significant capability to reconstitute and preserve a functional hematopoietic system in long-term periods after transplantation into conditioned hosts. HSCs are thus crucial cellular targets for the continual repair of inherited hematologic, metabolic, and immunologic disorders. In addition, HSCs can undergo various fates, such as apoptosis, quiescence, migration, differentiation, and self-renewal. Viruses continuously pose a remarkable health risk and request an appropriate, balanced reaction from our immune system, which as well as affects the bone marrow (BM). Therefore, disruption of the hematopoietic system due to viral infection is essential. In addition, patients for whom the risk-to-benefit ratio of HSC transplantation (HSCT) is acceptable have seen an increase in the use of HSCT in recent years. Hematopoietic suppression, BM failure, and HSC exhaustion are all linked to chronic viral infections. Virus infections continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HSCT recipients, despite recent advancements in the field. Furthermore, whereas COVID-19 manifests initially as an infection of the respiratory tract, it is now understood to be a systemic illness that significantly impacts the hematological system. Patients with advanced COVID-19 often have thrombocytopenia and blood hypercoagulability. In the era of COVID-19, Hematological manifestations of COVID-19 (i.e., thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia), the immune response, and HSCT may all be affected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in various ways. Therefore, it is important to determine whether exposure to viral infections may affect HSCs used for HSCT, as this, in turn, may affect engraftment efficiency. In this article, we reviewed the features of HSCs, and the effects of viral infections on HSCs and HSCT, such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, etc.
<abstract> <p>Studies suggest that there is a complex interaction between parasitic infections, human microbiota, and host immunity. Reports have shown that there is the prevalence of viral diseases have inverse correlations with their severities (as is the case for Covid-19), their resulting mortalities, and helminth infections in endemic areas. This review study was conducted to discover the possible association between parasitic infections and Covid-19 epidemics from immunological, pathological, and therapeutic aspects. Our studies were conducted by reviewing texts, reports, and articles on reputable websites such as PubMed, Science Direct, medRxvi, Google Scholar, and bioRxiv published by 2022 07 April for keywords such as a parasite, helminth, radioactive, COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2. In particular, reports of co-infection with helminths with complications and severity of Covid-19 in endemic areas were considered. The findings indicate that parasitic helminths can regulate host immune responses associated with a viral infection. For example, intestinal parasitic infections may be effective in reducing the symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 and the complications of Covid-19. Infected hosts can induce an innate and Th2-compatible immune response to CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells, eosinophils, and interleukins (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10). Chronic helminth infections prevent strong immune responses by altering the host response to T helper 2 (Th2). Interestingly, some antimalarial drugs, such as Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), may inhibit SARS-CoV-2-induced severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Parasitic infections may alter the host's immune response to SARS-CoV-2 with potentially beneficial or detrimental effects. However, more large-scale epidemiological studies are needed to uncover the links between parasitic infections and COVID-19 and to clarify existing ambiguities.</p> </abstract>
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.