Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems have revolutionized modern molecular biology. Numerous types of these systems have been discovered to date. Many CRISPR–Cas systems have been used as a backbone for the development of potent research tools, with Cas9 being the most widespread. While most of the utilized systems are DNA-targeting, recently more and more attention is being gained by those that target RNA. Their ability to specifically recognize a given RNA sequence in an easily programmable way makes them ideal candidates for developing new research tools. In this review we summarize current knowledge on CRISPR–Cas systems which have been shown to target RNA molecules, that is type III (Csm/Cmr), type VI (Cas13), and type II (Cas9). We also present a list of available technologies based on these systems.

In 2016, we (seven high school students from a school in Plock, Poland) participated in the CERN Beamline for Schools competition. Together with our team coach, Mr. Janusz Kempa, we submitted a proposal to CERN that was selected as one of two winning proposals that year. This paper describes our experiment from the early days of brainstorming to the trip to Geneva.

La fi gura ed i compiti processuali del Vescovo diocesano nel processo matrimoniale secondo la riforma del Papa FrancescoSince the beginning of the pontifi cate of Pope Francis we have heard in his preaching the calling to reform the structures of the church. Bergoglio presented his pastoral-evangelical idea of the functioning of the Church in the exhortation Evangelii Gaudium. Naturally the reform made by the Bishop of Rome also applies to the canon law. Directed by voices of hierarchy gathered at the Synod of Bishops 2014 and the spiritual good of the faithful, who are waiting for an explanation of their canonical situation, 15 August 2015 Pope Francis promulgated the Motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, to accelerate and simplify the process of annulment of the marriage. Pope wanted the heart of the faithful were not too long enslaved by darkness of doubt because of delays in the judgment. In the center of his reform Pope put the diocesan Bishop, who together with the Bishop of Rome becomes the guarantor of the unity of the Catholic faith and discipline. According to the principles of the reform, the bishop not only organizes and is responsible for the court structure in the local church, but he also has to personally fulfi ll the task of the fi rst judge of the faithful, for whom he was established a shepherd. The new laws allow the bishop to establish a single judge and introduces the institution of processus brevior, which is provided for particular obvious situations. The only judge in this process is the bishop. It seems that the reform process of marriage, made in the spirit of historical continuity, will bring much spiritual fruit and contribute to the perception of the person the diocesan bishop not only as pastor bonus, but at the same time as iustus iudex.Key words: Pope Francis, the process of marriage, the diocesan Bishop, judge, nullity of marriage, processus brevior, reform. 2 Cf. Francesco, Udienza ai rappresentati dei media, Discorso del Santo Padre, Aula Paolo VI, 16 marzo 2013,

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