AIM:This study was conducted to know the factors associated with acceptability of immediate post placental IUCD insertion in women and to know the level of safety efficacy and expulsion of post placental insertion of IUCD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Rewa (M. P.) over period of 9 months. Women admitted and delivered at SGMH were counseled regarding IUCD like its advantage side effects and complications. CuT 380A was inserted within 15 minutes of delivery of placenta and membranes in women who had no contraindication for post placental IUCD and gave consent for this. All these women were followed up to 6 months post insertion period. RESULTS: Total number of counseled women was 600 over the period of three months from August 2014 to October 2014. Out of these only 400 women gave consent for PPIUCD insertion, 200 denied. 100 Lost follow-up only 300 women were followed-up. Among followed-up women 30 women had expulsion, 20 women had only bleeding problem, 20 women had only pain in abdomen, bleeding and abdominal pain together in found in 60 women, thread problem in 5 women and continuation on contraceptive method by 230 women, 70 women discontinued IUD because of bleeding, pain in abdomen, missing thread, family pressure etc. CONCLUSION: On the basis of our results it may be concluded that insertion of CuT 380A within 15 minutes after placental delivery has high retention rate, expulsion rate was not very high and it can be reduce with practice. Acceptability of this contraceptive method is high with proper counseling despite of low awareness level.
To study incidence of PROM with respect to age, gravidity, gestational age and abnormal presentation. (2) To study impact of PROM on maternal health in terms of mode of delivery, maternal and fetal morbidity. METHODS: 347 married women of age more than 18 years, who had premature rupture of membranes, delivered in G.M.H., Rewa (M.P.) over the period of 1year were included in the study and enquired about various demographic factors and its effect on pregnancy outcome and maternal health. RESULTS: Incidence of PROM was 3.75%. majority of women came from rural area, majority were of age group 21-25 years, primigravidae, 66.6% women delivered within 24 hours of ruptured membranes, 47.4% of women delivered after 24 hours of have undergone caesarean section. Over all caesarean section rate among these patients was 33.4%. Abnormal presentation has a higher incidence of PROM. PROM had higher maternal morbidity-postoperative fever, wound sepsis, abdominal distension, chorioamnionitis and neonatal sepsis and still birth. CONCLUSION: PROM has a great impact on maternal health and perinatal outcome, hence these patients should be managed aggressively. Women with adequate pelvis and favourable conditions for vaginal delivery should be augmented/ induced and decision for caesarean section should be taken early to avoid complications.
Since the early 1970s tremendous growth has been seen in the research of software reliability growth modeling. In general, software reliability growth models (SRGMs) are applicable to the late stages of testing in software development and they can provide useful information about how to improve the reliability of software products. A number of SRGMs have been proposed in the literature to represent time-dependent fault identification / removal phenomenon; still new models are being proposed that could fit a greater number of reliability growth curves. Often, it is assumed that detected faults are immediately corrected when mathematical models are developed. This assumption may not be realistic in practice because the time to remove a detected fault depends on the complexity of the fault, the skill and experience of the personnel, the size of the debugging team, the technique, and so on. Thus, the detected fault need not be immediately removed, and it may lag the fault detection process by a delay effect factor. In this paper, we first review how different software reliability growth models have been developed, where fault detection process is dependent not only on the number of residual fault content but also on the testing time, and see how these models can be reinterpreted as the delayed fault detection model by using a delay effect factor. Based on the power function of the testing time concept, we propose four new SRGMs that assume the presence of two types of faults in the software: leading and dependent faults. Leading faults are those that can be removed upon a failure being observed. However, dependent faults are masked by leading faults and can only be removed after the corresponding leading fault has been removed with a debugging time lag. These models have been tested on real software error data to show its goodness of fit, predictive validity and applicability.
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