Women during pregnancy or puerperium are associated with a higher morbidity of VTE. Physicians should be of high vigilance to pregnancy-associated VTE, especially for women postpartum.
Global climate changes during the Miocene may have created ample opportunities for hybridization between members of tropical and subtropical biomes at the boundary between these zones. Yet, very few studies have explored this possibility. The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (YGP) in Southwest China is a biodiversity hotspot for vascular plants, located in a transitional area between the floristic regions of tropical Southeast Asia and subtropical East Asia. The genus Eriobotrya (Rosaceae) comprises both tropical and subtropical taxa, with 12 species recorded in the YGP, making it a suitable basis for testing the hypothesis of between-biome hybridization. Therefore, we surveyed the evolutionary history of Eriobotrya by examining three chloroplast regions and five nuclear genes for 817 individuals (47 populations) of 23 Eriobotrya species (including 19 populations of 12 species in the YGP), plus genome re-sequencing of 33 representative samples. We concluded that: (1) phylogenetic positions for 16 species exhibited strong cytonuclear conflicts, most probably due to ancient hybridization; (2) the YGP is a hotspot for hybridization, with 11 species showing clear evidence of chloroplast capture; and (3) Eriobotrya probably originated in tropical Asia during the Eocene. From the Miocene onwards, the intensification of the Eastern Asia monsoon and global cooling may have shifted the tropical-subtropical boundary and caused secondary contact between species, thus providing ample opportunity
The present study investigated the predictive value of the platelet aggregation rate in postpartum deep venous thrombosis and its possible mechanism. From January 2014 to January 2016, 23 patients with postpartum deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity treated in the Department of Obstetrics of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital were as assigned as the observation group. At the same time, 25 cases with normal recovery were assigned as the control group. Blood samples were collected from all the subjects. The platelet aggregation rate was measured using a platelet aggregation apparatus. Plasma platelet activating factor (PAF) levels were measured by ELISA. The positive rate of platelet P-selectin (CD62p) and lysosomal membrane glycoprotein (CD63) was measured by flow cytometry. PI3K expression and AKt phosphorylation levels were measured by western blot analysis. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the value of the platelet aggregation rate in predicting postpartum deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity. The correlation between the platelet aggregation rate and PAF and PI3K/AKt expression was also analyzed. The cesarean section rate, platelet 5-min maximum aggregation rate, PAF level and the positive rate of CD62p and CD63 were significantly higher in the control than those in the observation group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the platelet aggregation rate was positively correlated with the expression of PAF, CD62p and CD63 (r=0.389, 0.451, and 0.452; all P<0.05). The platelet 5-min maximum aggregation rate for predicting postpartum deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity was reflected by the area under the ROC curve (AUC=0.797, P=0.000). The PI3Kp110β/β-actin and p-AKt/AKt ratio was significantly higher in the observation compared with the control group (P<0.05). In addition, the platelet aggregation rate was positively correlated with the expression of PI3K and phosphorylation level of AKt (r=0.441, 0.430; all P<0.05). The results suggested that platelet aggregation activity is elevated in postpartum deep vein thrombosis patients. It has a certain predictive value for the occurrence of postpartum deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity. Thuss, the PI3K/AKt signaling pathway may be one of the mechanisms of platelet aggregation.
Background
Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) are of great horticultural importance throughout the world for their foliage and decorative berries, yet a dearth of genetic information has hampered our understanding of phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history. Here, we compare chloroplast genomes from across Ilex and estimate phylogenetic relationships.
Results
We sequenced the chloroplast genomes of seven Ilex species and compared them with 34 previously published Ilex plastomes. The length of the seven newly sequenced Ilex chloroplast genomes ranged from 157,182 bp to 158,009 bp, and contained a total of 118 genes, including 83 protein-coding, 31 rRNA, and four tRNA genes. GC content ranged from 37.6 to 37.69%. Comparative analysis showed shared genomic structures and gene rearrangements. Expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat regions at the LSC/IRa and IRa/SSC junctions were observed in 22 and 26 taxa, respectively; in contrast, the IRb boundary was largely invariant. A total of 2146 simple sequence repeats and 2843 large repeats were detected in the 41 Ilex plastomes. Additionally, six genes (psaC, rbcL, trnQ, trnR, trnT, and ycf1) and two intergenic spacer regions (ndhC-trnV and petN-psbM) were identified as hypervariable, and thus potentially useful for future phylogenetic studies and DNA barcoding. We recovered consistent phylogenetic relationships regardless of inference methodology or choice of loci. We recovered five distinct, major clades, which were inconsistent with traditional taxonomic systems.
Conclusion
Our findings challenge traditional circumscriptions of the genus Ilex and provide new insights into the evolutionary history of this important clade. Furthermore, we detail hypervariable and repetitive regions that will be useful for future phylogenetic and population genetic studies.
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