As evaluated by the CBCL, television viewing time is positively associated with social problems, delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior, externalization, and total problem scores. Older age, male gender, and decreasing social subscale and increasing attention problem subscale scores on the CBCL increases the risk of watching television for more than 2 hours.
WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Being an androgen antagonist and a possible estrogen agonist, several endocrinologic effects of DEHP have been demonstrated mostly in vitro and in animals. A limited number of studies have linked the endocrinologic effects of DEHP and its metabolite, MEHP, in humans. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:To our knowledge, this is the first study to define a possible effect of DEHP and MEHP in pubertal gynecomastia. The etiology of pubertal gynecomastia is attributed either to excessive estrogen, deficient androgen, increased aromatase enzyme activity, or a combination. abstract OBJECTIVE: Several untoward health effects of phthalates, which are a group of industrial chemicals with many commercial uses including personal-care products and plastic materials, have been defined. The most commonly used, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), is known to have antiandrogenic or estrogenic effects or both. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP) is the main metabolite of DEHP. In this study, we aimed to determine the plasma DEHP and MEHP levels in pubertal gynecomastia cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS:The study group comprised 40 newly diagnosed pubertal gynecomastia cases who were admitted to Hacettepe University Ihsan Dog ramacı Children's Hospital. The control group comprised 21 age-matched children without gynecomastia or other endocrinologic disorder. Plasma DEHP and MEHP levels were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum hormone levels were determined in some pubertal gynecomastia cases according to the physician's evaluation. RESULTS:Plasma DEHP and MEHP levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in the pubertal gynecomastia group compared with the control group (P Ͻ .001) (DEHP, 4.66 Ϯ 1.58 and 3.09 Ϯ 0.90 g/mL, respectively [odds ratio: 2.77 (95% confidence interval: 1.48 -5.21)]; MEHP, 3.19 Ϯ 1.41 and 1.37 Ϯ 0.36 g/mL [odds ratio: 24.76 (95% confidence interval: 3.5-172.6)]). There was a statistically significant correlation between plasma DEHP and MEHP levels (r: 0.58; P Ͻ .001). In the pubertal gynecomastia group, no correlation could be determined between plasma DEHP and MEHP levels and any of the hormone levels.CONCLUSIONS: DEHP, which has antiandrogenic or estrogenic effects, may be an etiologic factor in pubertal gynecomastia. These results may pioneer larger-scale studies on the etiologic role of DEHP in pubertal gynecomastia. Pediatrics 2010;125:e122-e129
It was found that the TV watching habits of parents had an influence on those of their children. Therefore, pediatricians should take 'TV histories' of children and their parents and educate parents how to become good TV viewers.
Background : Previous studies on the cognitive effects of iron treatment have focused on anemic or non‐anemic iron‐deficient infants. The effect of iron supplementation on cognitive development among iron‐sufficient infants has not been studied. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of iron supplementation on performance in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) and anthropometric measurement in 6‐month‐old iron‐sufficient healthy infants. Methods : Healthy, iron‐sufficient infants who were 6 months of age and were attending the Well Baby Clinic were considered for enrollment. Infants were randomly assigned to take ferrous sulfate supplementation (1 mg/kg per day) or no supplementation and were followed for 3 months. Anthropometric measurement, hematologic status and BSID were evaluated on admission and after 3 months. Results : Seven infants in the intervention group and nine in the control group completed the study. No significant differences were observed in anthropometric measurements and complete blood counts between the two groups after the 3 month study period. The mean transferrin saturation (TS) level decreased significantly in the control group during the study period (from 15.3~2.6 to 7.8~5.1%; P=0.0117), but no such reduction was seen in the intervention group. At the end of the study, the TS of the control group was found to be significantly lower than that of the intervention group (7.8~5.1 vs 19.9~7.9%, respectively; P=0.0033). The BSID scores of infants in both groups were within the normal range on admission and at the end of the study period. Conclusions : Short‐term iron supplementation did not change developmental test scores despite the hematologic response in iron‐sufficient healthy infants. The high prevelance of iron‐deficiency anemia and its relationship with adverse developmental outcome suggests that prevention of iron‐deficiency anemia with prophylaxis needs to be emphasized, rather than treatment.
We aimed to analyse infant (birth characteristics, feeding type, faecal enzyme activities) and environmental (maternal smoking, nutrition and psychological status, mother-child bonding, family structure, support for the mother, familial atopy) risk factors for infant colic and to follow infants with respect to physical growth, sleeping status up to 8 months of age in a nested case-control study. 660 mothers who delivered at Dr Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Hospital, were enrolled within 3-72 h post delivery. Each infant with inconsolable persistent crying and four matched infants with no crying episodes were invited by phone to Hacettepe University Ihsan Doğramacı Children's Hospital at 30-45 days post partum. At 40-55 days, we examined the infants and gave mothers a questionnaire, including crying characteristics of the infants; 47 infants were diagnosed with colic and 142 as non-colic. When the infants were 7-8 months old, another interview was done. The colic group had higher proportions of less-educated (≤ 8 years) and smoking mothers, extended family and families with domestic violence than the non-colic group. The colic group of mothers had significantly higher rates of 'impaired bonding' in the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire, higher scores on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, higher scores for hostility subscales of the Brief Symptom Inventory and a more irregular sleep pattern than the non-colic group. No differences were revealed for faecal enzyme activities. At 7-8 months, the colic group was shorter than the non-colic group. Colic was associated with various perinatal factors (maternal education, smoking habits, cheese consumption, hostility scores and domestic violence) and having colic in infancy negatively affected the sleeping pattern and the height of the infant.
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