Abstract" vaccine providing sterile immunity against malaria has been shown to be possible with antigens from the pre-erythrocytic stages of malaria. Therefore, it is reasonable to focus vaccine development eforts on the pre-erythrocytic stages, consisting of both sporozoites and liver stage parasites, where it is expected that sterile immunity against the parasite can be elicited to block the development of blood stage infection, clinical disease, and resulting parasite transmission. "ccordingly, we will review the preclinical and clinical studies of malaria pre-erythrocytic eforts as well as highlight the advances, trends, and roadblocks encountered in these eforts.

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