Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental studies are conducted towards the optimization of the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tubes. Different types of nozzle profiles and number of nozzles are evaluated by CFD analysis. The swirl velocity, axial velocity and radial velocity components as well as the flow patterns including secondary circulation flow have been evaluated. The optimum cold end diameter (d c ) and the length to diameter (L/D) ratios and optimum parameters for obtaining the maximum hot gas temperature and minimum cold gas temperature are obtained through CFD analysis and validated through experiments. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the vortex tube as a heat engine and as a refrigerator has been calculated.

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Cases of N. farcinica infections are being reported increasingly because of recent changes in taxonomy and diagnostic methodology. This change in epidemiology has implications for therapy because of the organism's pathogenicity and natural resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents, including third-generation cephalosporins. Any delay in starting appropriate antibiotic therapy can have adverse consequences.