Eastern Mediterranean sediments are characterized by the periodic occurrence of conspicuous, organic matter-rich sapropel layers. Phylogenetic analysis of a large culture collection isolated from these sediments revealed that about one third of the isolates belonged to the genus Photobacterium. In the present study, 22 of these strains were examined with respect to their phylogenetic and metabolic diversity. The strains belonged to two distinct Photobacterium populations (Mediterranean cluster I and II). Strains of cluster I were isolated almost exclusively from organic-rich sapropel layers and were closely affiliated with P. aplysiae (based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences). They possessed almost identical Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) and substrate utilization patterns, even among strains from different sampling sites or from layers differing up to 100,000 years in age. Strains of cluster II originated from sapropels and from the surface and carbon-lean intermediate layers. They were related to Photobacterium frigidiphilum but differed significantly in their fingerprint patterns and substrate spectra, even when these strains were obtained from the same sampling site and layer. Temperature range for growth (4 to 33 degrees C), salinity tolerance (5 to 100 per thousand), pH requirements (5.5-9.3), and the composition of polar membrane lipids were similar for both clusters. All strains grew by fermentation (glucose, organic acids) and all but five by anaerobic respiration (nitrate, dimethyl sulfoxide, anthraquinone disulfonate, or humic acids). These results indicate that the genus Photobacterium forms subsurface populations well adapted to life in the deep biosphere.
This paper reviews the application of lean methods for corporate sustainability and highlights demands for future research. With the help of a systematic literature review, papers at the interface of lean and sustainability were identified and matched to a standardized list of lean methods to assess their frequency in the context of sustainability. In a further step, papers containing actual case studies were analyzed in more detail regarding specific application settings, sustainability dimensions, measurability of sustainability impact, and other criteria. The quantitative analysis of 363 publications shows frequent use of lean methods such as just in time and value stream mapping in the context of sustainability, and a surprisingly low use of other approaches such as karakuri, milk run, or chaku chaku. The in-depth analysis of 81 case studies reveals the primacy of intra-company and ecological assessments in the lean context, while social and inter-company aspects remain rather underexposed. This study complements existing research on lean and sustainability by systematically analyzing specific lean methods in the context of sustainability and by further exploring the sustainability characteristics of such lean applications.
Kurzfassung
Der Wandel zum absoluten Käufermarkt fordert produzierende Unternehmen dazu auf, sich den immer kürzer werdenden Produktlebenszyklen und der zunehmenden Variantenvielfalt zu stellen. Die Folge ist, die Exzellenz der Produktion weiter zu steigern. In der Planungsphase wird diese geprägt und maßgeblich beeinflusst. Es zeigen sich jedoch keine objektiven Bewertungsvorgehen, die eine umfassende Betrachtung der Verschwendung im Planungshorizont zulassen und damit eine effektive Entscheidungsunterstützung zur Realisierung einer exzellenten Produktion bieten. Die sich in Entwicklung befindliche Methodik fokussiert im primären Ansatz automatisierte Fertigungslinien und bildet die Basis einer objektiven und ganzheitlichen Bewertung dieser bezüglich Verschwendung, Flexibilität und Variabilität. Das Vorgehen berücksichtigt in diesem Kontext deren Wechselwirkungen und offenbart potentielle Stellhebel.
Conclusions: Our pupulation-based analysis confirms that first line pazopanib and sunitinib have comparable DT and OS, although cost of sunitinib without managed entry agreements is higher. Nivolumab and cabozantinib have superior DT both in second and third line setting, with nivolumab being the most expensive drug.Legal entity responsible for the study: The authors.Funding: IPSEN.
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