An economical, small scale heat processing device was studied for rapid and efficient pasteurization of human milk while preserving immunoglobulins A,G and M. Using a continuous flow HTST milk pasteurizer, human milk inoculated with E. coli (10 6 CFU/mL) or S. aureus (10 7 CFU/mL) was heated at 71ЊC at flow rates of 5.9, 12.3 and 18.9 mL/ min. All conditions completely inactivated both microorganisms and resulted in negative alkaline phosphatase activity indicating complete pasteurization. Heat processing of bovine milk at 71ЊC, at 5.9 mL/min resulted in retention of 30% of the ␥-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) activity. Lower residual activity could therefore indicate overpasteurization. Pasteurization at 71ЊC for 9.0 sec (12.3 mL/min) resulted in retention of 74% of IgA, 75% IgG, and 68% IgM.

There is increasing awareness of therapeutic and nutritive importance of goat milk. Increasing evidences show a surge in harnessing the potential of bioactive milk components. This study reports Gaddi goat milk composition and antioxidant activity in different lactation stages. A significant (p < 0.05) higher pH (7.05 ± 0.03) and lactose (4.28% ± 0.07%) were noted in late lactation. Total phenol (mg TAE/100 ml) was 56.99 ± 2.32, 8.15 ± 0.44, and 7.05 ± 0.03 in whole milk, whey and casein, respectively. 2, 2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and protein (4.06% ± 0.19%) were higher, whereas fat was lowest (6.00% ± 0.28%) in late lactation milk. It is envisaged that late lactation Gaddi goat milk with splendid biological activities, could be a source of milk‐derived bioactive nutraceuticals to thwart oxidative stress and aging. Practical applications Milk is an important source of complex proteins, enzymes and peptides of diverse biological activities. Goat milk has assumed importance in humans, particularly in infants, as alternative to cattle milk. Milk composition and antioxidant activity of Gaddi goat milk and its protein fractions were assessed for bioactive potential. The casein protein fraction of Gaddi goat milk proved to be a potent antioxidant component and may be used as futuristic nutraceuticals. This is the first study unravelling antioxidant traits of Gaddi goat milk, whey and casein in different lactation stages.

Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Potentilla fulgens L. led to the isolation of two new triterpenes, potentene A (1) and potentene B (2). In addition, three known compounds afzelchin−4α→8΄΄−catechin (3), epiafzelchin (4) and rutin (5) were isolated. The structures of all these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic and chemical evidence. Compounds 3, 4, and 5 exhibited significant 1,1,diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, with IC 50 values of 1.21, 2.88 and 5.20 mg/mL, respectively; the known standard antioxidant, vitamin C, had a value of 0.44 mg/mL.

Aim: This study was aimed at evaluation of antioxidative activity, protein profile, and vitamins content of milk of Gaddi goats, local non-Gaddi goats, hill cattle, and Jersey crossbred cattle. Materials and Methods: Total phenol, antioxidant activity measured as 2, 2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity, total protein, and vitamins were estimated in milk samples by spectrophotometric methods. Milk protein profiles were studied by sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results: Total phenol, antioxidant activity, and total protein were higher in indigenous hill cattle skim milk. Average protein content in raw skimmed milk was 1.33±0.01, 1.03±0.02, 0.76±0.05, and 0.81±0.01%, in indigenous hill cattle, Jersey crossbred cattle, non-Gaddi goat, and Gaddi goat, respectively. Three proteins of 19.01, 22.08, and 32.96 kDa were observed in Gaddi goat, but not in non-Gaddi goat skim milk. Furthermore, the above proteins were absent in cattle skim milk. Two proteins of 15.56 and 25.06 kDa were found in local hill and crossbred cattle skimmed milk, but were absent in goat skimmed milk. Vitamin C content was the lowest in Gaddi goat milk and the highest in Jersey crossbred cattle milk. Conclusion: It is envisaged that bioactive metabolites in the milk of Gaddi goats and hill cattle might offer anti-aging and beneficial health effects.