The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of grunting on overhead throwing velocity in collegiate baseball pitchers. A repeated-measures experimental design was used. Twenty-four division III collegiate baseball pitchers with a mean age of 20.3 ± 1.6 years voluntarily participated in the study. Subjects were shown a video demonstration of a pitcher grunting during the acceleration phase of pitching and asked to replicate the technique during three practice throws. Corrective verbal feedback from researchers was given regarding the timing of the grunt during practice throws. Subjects then performed randomized sets (3 grunting and 3 non-grunting trials) of overhead throws from a standard pitching mount in the stretch position with maximum effort. Throwing velocities were measured with a calibrated radar gun. Paired-samples t-tests were used to compare average throwing velocities between the grunting and non-grunting trials at the 0.05 alpha level. Mean overhead throwing velocity was significantly higher during the grunting trials than the non-grunting trials. Age, height, weight, and handedness had no impact on the effect of grunting on overhead throwing velocity. Grunting offers a simple, immediate means of enhancing overhead throwing velocity in the collegiate baseball pitching population. Additional research is needed to determine the effects in populations of greater or lesser skill.
Objectives To evaluate the presence of productivity goals among licensed rehabilitation clinicians and their relationship with observed unethical behavior. Design Exploratory, cross-sectional survey. Setting Online. Participants Licensed physical therapy clinicians (N=3446). Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Participants completed an electronic survey regarding use of clinical productivity goals. They rated the frequency in which they observed 6 unethical behaviors on a 7-point Likert scale in their practice setting from 1=never to 7=always. An overall observed unethical behavior score was calculated by summing these scales. Results The response rate was 12.8% (N=3446), with analyses showing low risk of nonresponse bias. Many respondents (73.9%) had a formal productivity goal. Most (89.4%) reported observing some form of unethical behavior, but many (68.6%) reported it occurred “rarely” or “never.” Those in skilled nursing facility (SNF) settings reported higher frequencies of observance and were 4.1 times more likely to report more unethical behavior than the median compared with all other settings. A positive correlation existed between expected productivity rate and rate of unethical behaviors observed (ρ=0.225; P <.0001). Amounts of organizational emphases on ethical practice (ρ=−0.509; P <.0001) and evidence-based practice (ρ=−0.492; P <.0001) were negatively correlated with total observed unethical behavior. Conclusions Use of productivity goals in rehabilitation practice is significantly related with rate of unethical behavior observed. Frequency of observed unethical behavior in rehabilitation practice was very low overall. Organizational culture appears to be a greater predictor of observed unethical behavior than any individual clinician-related characteristics. The SNF setting displays the greatest areas of ethical concern.
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