Abstract:Agricultural subsidy has attracted more and more attention. Th is paper captures the eff ects of subsidy (including area subsidy and price subsidy) on the total sown areas of crops based on the assumption that subsidy has both stimulating eff ects and inhibiting eff ects. Diff erent from the prior studies, this paper considers the impacts of the farmland constraint and demand elasticity and some interesting conclusions are achieved. Firstly, a stimulating eff ect increases crop sown areas while an inhibiting eff ect reduces them. Secondly, the output effi ciency of farmland as well as the demand elasticity has a major impact on the government subsidy. Besides, the capacity constraint makes thing diff erence and the government should choose between the areas subsidy and price subsidy under diff erent conditions. Finally, this paper off ers an empirical test on the conclusions by adopting the Chinese agricultural statistical data.
PurposeChina's economy has transformed from a high-speed growth phase to a high-quality development phase. The agriculture sector has grown substantially since the economic reform in 1978. Considering the five-year plan (FYP) as a collection of policies, this study explores the relationship between the FYP and agricultural total factor productivity (TFP).Design/methodology/approachThis study uses 31 provincial-level panel data of the five FYPs from 1996 to 2020. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to compute Malmquist productivity indexes. The authors analyze the temporal and spatial changes and convergences of China's agricultural TFP, and investigate the impact of economic planning on China's agricultural TFP and its regional difference.FindingsThere is a slow but upward growth trend in China's agricultural TFP. The technical change has played a leading role in the growth of China's agricultural TFP. The agricultural TFP of all provinces has shown a “catch-up” effect and is developing toward their respective steady-state levels. The regional difference in productivity growth among the eastern, central and western regions exists. Test results show that the FYP has a positive effect on the agricultural TFP, and the effect has obvious regional heterogeneity. The FYP also plays a positive role in the gross value of agricultural output, and the impact effect is greater than that on the improvement of agricultural productivity.Originality/valueThere are many forms of industrial policy in China, among which the FYP is the guiding document of industrial policy, which makes a systematic plan for industrial development in the subsequent five years. The development objectives, guidelines and overall deployment for agriculture in the FYP not only describe the general context of China's agricultural development but also show the key ideas of agricultural development. Therefore, this study explores its impact on agricultural quality development from the perspective of FYP. The results provide evidence for examining the governance performance of the government and the objective evaluation and restraint of the FYP. As agriculture moves toward the stage of high-quality development, the Chinese government should strengthen the critical guiding role of the FYP and pay attention to quality indicators such as technical progress, efficiency improvement and regional coordination in the formulation of the FYP.
The market multiplication theory includes the multiplication of market, time and benefit, and the direct marketing is based on this theory. Health food industry can adopt the mode of direct marketing, because the industry possesses characters of low production cost, high circulation cost and lots of users. The marketing mode, product promoting method and employee salary system of Amway Company which manages businesses including the health food production can be references for the direct marketing enterprises in the health food industry. Keywords: Multiplication, Direct marketing, Health food industry, Marketing modeWith the development of social economy and the improvement of living level, human consumption concept and health concept have been changed largely. Customers' consciousnesses of self-health are increasingly strong, and their demands for the health food are higher and higher, which offers an important chance for the development of the health food industry. The health food market of China is a market with large developmental potential. But the problems such as the low level competition, the emphasis of advertisement and the bad industrial reputation seriously restrict the healthy development of the industry.The health food industry generally adopts the sales mode of channel distribution, which operates through two advertisement operation modes including manufacturer advertisement extension and regional packaging extension, and has serious problems of sales management and channel efficiency. With the changes of exterior marketing environment including gradual improvement of national policies, gradual maturations of the media and the public, the subdivision of the market and gradual sense of customers' behaviors, the traditional marketing mode in the health food industry is facing serious menace and challenge. The change of competitive structure also makes the validity of the present marketing mode of the health food industry become worse and worse, so to obtain long-term development, enterprises must quest for new developmental mode. Therefore, the direct marketing based on the market multiplication theory many be a good marketing mode. Analysis of the market multiplication theoryThe multiplication theory mainly studies the problem that how the factors of people, thing and matter multiply under the situation of geometric series, and when it is applied to the market, a new branch, the market multiplication theory is formed.The market multiplication theory studies that how to rapidly enlarge the product market through the geometric series theory in the process of product distribution, and how to change the traditional all levels retail system into a new marketing system taking the human relation as the network base. The market multiplication can be divided into three multiplications from three aspects. The multiplication of the marketThe direct marketing market is established based on the geometric series principle of the multiplication theory. Supposed that one direct marketing company develops it...
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