The melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett, is a species of fruit flies of significant agricultural interest. Of supposed Indian origin, the melon fly is now widely distributed throughout South East Asia up to China, while it has been recently eradicated from Japan. The population structure of seven geographic populations from coastal China, as well as samples from other regions of South East Asia and Japan, including lab colonies, have been studied using a 782 bp fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequence. The observed genetic diversity was exceedingly low, considering the geographic scale of the sampling, and one single haplotype was found to be predominant from Sri Lanka to China. We confirm that Bactrocera cucurbitae exists in South East Asia as a single phyletic lineage, that Chinese populations are genetically uniform, and that no apparent genetic differentiation exists between these and three available Japanese melon fly sequences.
The topic of sustainable development of cities is a hotspot and focus of urban research. The expansion of urban space is the most intuitive embodiment of sustainable urban development. To explore the current status and trends of urban space expansion in Kunming and Yuxi, the central cities of Yunnan Province in china, this study uses land use data from 2000 to 2015 to analyze, the spatial shape and expansion trend of Kunming and Yuxi using the compactness index and the lacunarity index. results show that the most obvious urban space expansion in 2000 to 2005 is characterized by the expansion of the urban center circle and the independence of each central space. urban space expansion from 2005 to 2010 is characterized by the relative expansion of the city and integration of the built-up area. The expansion of urban space from 2010 to 2015 is distinct and shows a trend of continuous expansion. Finally, preliminary conclusions are drawn indicating that the urban space in the selected case study area is sustainable. The sustainable development model of urban space in china's central Yunnan is represented by regional urban integration.
Mushrooms are able to secrete lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP), and able to use the cellulose as sources of carbon. This article focuses on the relation between peroxidase-secreting capacity and cultivation period of mushrooms with non-laccase activity. Methylene blue and methyl catechol qualitative assay and spectrophotometry quantitative assay show LiP secreting unvaryingly accompanies the MnP secreting in mushroom strains. The growth rates of hyphae are detected by detecting the dry hyphal mass. We link the peroxidase activities to growth rate of mushrooms and then probe into the relationship between them. The results show that there are close relationships between LiP- and/or MnP-secretory capacities and the cultivation periods of mushrooms. The strains with high LiP and MnP activities have short cultivation periods. However, those strains have long cultivation periods because of the low levels of secreted LiP and/or MnP, even no detectable LiP and/or MnP activity. This study provides the first evidence on the imitate relation between the level of secreted LiP and MnP activities and cultivation periods of mushrooms with non-laccase activity. Our study has significantly increased the understanding of the role of LiP and MnP in the growth and development of mushrooms with non-laccase activity.
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