RESUMOIntrodução: Analisar as tendências seculares ao nível da antropometria e aptidão física das crianças portuguesas. Material e Métodos: Um grupo de 1819 crianças (881 rapazes e 938 raparigas) entre os 10 e os 11 anos de idade, foi avaliado no 5º e 6º ano de escolaridade durante 20 anos. A ANCOVA foi usada para analisar as variações de antropometria (índice de massa corporal, peso e altura) e aptidão física (sentar e alcançar, força abdominal, salto horizontal e corrida de velocidade) durante quatro quinquénios (1993 -1998; 1998 -2003; 2003 -2008 e 2008 -2013 (1993 -1998; 1998 -2003; 2003 -2008; 2008 -2013).Results: Secular trends showed the presence of heavier boys and girls with higher body mass index in the 5 th and 6 th grade throughout the last 20 years. There was also a presence of taller girls but just until the 3 rd quinquennial. Both boys and girls were able to perform better on the core strength test and sprint time but become less flexible over the years. Mean jumping performance remained unchanged for both genders. Discussion: The present study provides novel data on anthropometrics and physical fitness trends over the last two decades in young Portuguese children, consistent with the results reported in other developed countries. Conclusion: Evidence for the start of a positive secular trend in body mass index and in some physical fitness components over the last two decades among the Portuguese youth.
The present study was aimed to relate physical activity in the formation of self-concept, self-esteem and school performance in children of basic education. We had a sample of 531 students of the municipalities of Santarém, Torres Novas, Entroncamento and Tomar (Portugal), of which 295 students (55.6%) for males and 236 students (44.4%) than females, with a mean age of the sample of 9.13 years, ranging from a minimum of 8 years and a maximum of 10 years. From this sample, 394 students (74%) have the practice of physical activity at least one formal character extracurricular and 137 students (26%) of the total sample reported no physical activity. As an instrument of data collection used the concept of the Self Susan Harter validated for the Portuguese population (Martins, Peixoto, Mata & Monteiro, 1995), where we analysed descriptive and inferential data in order to confront levels average self-concept in the areas of scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, physical appearance, behaviour, and global selfesteem. Were also recorded income school students study the subject areas of Mathematics, English and Sciences Studies. The practice of regular physical activity not decisively proved a significant factor in the level of self-concept, self-esteem and academic performance of students. However, the variable self seems to assume an evolution with increasing number of sessions per week of physical activity, as apparently the practice of at least one sport elevates levels of self-esteem. Students with the highest number of weekly hours of physical activity regularly reveal a level of academic achievement significantly higher, compared to students with less hours without registration or practice regular physical activity weekly.
To investigate the effects of two different strength-training programs with the same workload (impulse) on throwing velocity in water polo, 30 water polo players (M age = 17.1 yr., SD = 4.9; M mass = 71.2 kg, SD = 14.7; M height = 1.75 m, SD = 0.09 m) were randomly divided in two groups based upon throwing performance with water polo ball. The medicine-ball training group performed 3 x 6 reps with a 3-kg medicine ball, while the combination training group completed 1 x 9 repetitions with the 3-kg medicine ball, followed by 3 x 14 repetitions with a water polo ball. Both groups trained eight weeks twice per week in addition to their regular water polo training. Throwing velocity was measured with a Doppler radar gun before and after the training period. Testing included throws with a water polo ball on land and in water, as well as with 1-kg and 3-kg medicine balls on land. Statistically significant increases were found in mean peak throwing velocity with the water polo, 1-kg, and 3-kg medicine balls after training. No differences between the groups were found, except in throwing velocity with water polo on land, with a statistically significantly larger increase for the combination training group (+7.6%) than the medicine-ball training group (+3.4%). These findings indicate that after training with the same workload (impulse), increases in throwing velocity in water polo are similar and suggesting workload may be a critical variable for training results.
Martins, J., Torres, B., Cardoso, J., Costa, A.M., & Honório, S. (2015). Influence of sociological aspects on the level of physical activity in physical education students. J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 10(3), pp.815-826. Adopting and maintaining an active lifestyle for adolescent students, seems to be impaired and influenced by several factors, among them stand out environmental, psychological and social factors. Thus, the general objectives of this study were submitted to study and understand the extent to which these environmental, social and personal factors help and influence the level of physical activity (PA) by the adolescents in school age. More specifically, we will study: (1) the possible association between level of physical activity, age and gender; (2) consider and determine whether there is an association between socioeconomic variables and physical activity level of the population sample; (3) assess on the possible association between environmental variables and perceived physical activity of the adolescents. The sample consisted of 286 high school students, male gender (n = 125) and female (n = 161) aged between 15 and 18 years of age. As an instrument of study, a questionnaire was used. The main results of this study demonstrate a possible relationship between gender and level of PA, while boys tend to be more active than girls and also an association between socioeconomic variables and level of physical activity.
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