A compreensão da composição e inter-relações das comunidades faunísticas são fundamentais para a execução de medidas conservacionistas em ambientes florestais. No presente estudo nos avaliamos a comunidade de anfíbios de uma floresta estadual no município de Rio Claro, SP, com enfoque na biologia reprodutiva. Foram registradas 21 espécies, de quarto famílias: Bufonidae, Hylidae, Leptodactylidae e Microhylidae. As espécies da família Bufonidae reproduziram durante a estação fria e seca do ano e as demais somente durante a estação quente e chuvosa. Além de segregação temporal, algumas espécies dividiram o ambiente físico durante o período reprodutivo. Acentuada sobreposição temporal e espacial foi observada entre espécies filogeneticamente próximas, como entre Hyla nana e H. sanborni, entre Scinax fuscovarius e Scinax sp. (aff. similis), e entre Leptodactylus fuscus, L. mystacinus, e Leptodactylus sp. (gr. fuscus). Nestes casos, diferenças acústicas podem ter sido o principal fator responsável pela segregação reprodutiva. Ausência de segregação reprodutiva foi observada entre espécies do gênero Bufo, as quais foram vistas em amplexo interespecífico, apesar das diferenças acústicas entre seus cantos de anúncio.
prasinus used also environments around the remnant. The majority of the species were found during the rainy season and temporary environments were the most used for reproduction. The species composition of MSJ was compared with 10 other localities with the following vegetation composition: a preserved tropical rain forest, ecotone of tropical rain forest and semi-deciduous altered forest, preserved Cerrado, and disturbed areas (used as agriculture and pasture for cattle). The anuran composition of the MSJ and that from other semi-deciduous forest were more similar to the anuran composition of more perturbed areas and to the anuran composition of Cerrado then to the anuran composition of the rain forest habitats. There was no significant correlation between the distance of the areas and the similarity ratio of them. Proceratophrys boiei and H. lundii appear to be the species more affected by habitat fragmentation in the state of São Paulo due to their reproductive ecology and dependence of forested habitats.Keywords: fragmentation, spatial and temporal distribution, anuran species composition.Resumo Zina, J., Ennser, J., Pinheiro, S.C.P., Haddad, C. O presente estudo foi realizado em um fragmento de floresta semidecídua, Mata São José (MSJ), e em áreas adjacentes ao fragmento localizado no município de Rio Claro, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Informações sobre a composição e distribuição espacial e temporal de espécies de anuros foram coletadas entre agosto de 2002 e julho de 2003. Foram registradas 24 espécies, sendo que a maioria foi observada em atividade de vocalização e reprodução nas áreas abertas adjacentes ao fragmento. Apenas três espécies, Hypsiboas lundii, H. prasinus e Proceratophrys boiei foram observadas utilizando ambientes no interior do fragmento para a reprodução e apenas H. prasinus foi registrada também em ambientes adjacentes ao fragmento. A maioria das espécies foi registrada durante a estação chuvosa da região e os ambientes temporários foram os mais utilizados para reprodução. A composição de espécies da MSJ foi comparada com a de outras 10 localidades com as seguintes fisionomias vegetais e status de conservação: floresta tropical preservada, ecótono de floresta ombrófila e floresta estacional semidecídua pouco preservada, Cerrado preservado e áreas antropizadas principalmente pela implantação de agricultura e pastagem. A composição de espécies da MSJ e da área de floresta estacional semidecídua foram mais similares entre si e com áreas perturbadas e área de Cerrado que quando comparadas a composição de espécies da área de floresta tropical preservada. Não houve correlação entre as distâncias e a similaridade na composição da anurofauna das localidades comparadas. Proceratophrys boiei e H. lundii aparentemente são as espécies mais afetadas pelo processo de fragmentação ambiental no Estado de São Paulo, provavelmente devido a sua ecologia e dependência de ambientes mais florestados.
The relationships of the hyline tribe Dendropsophini remain poorly studied, with most published analyses dealing with few of the species groups of Dendropsophus. In order to test the monophyly of Dendropsophini, its genera, and the species groups currently recognized in Dendropsophus, we performed a total evidence phylogenetic analysis. The molecular dataset included sequences of three mitochondrial and five nuclear genes from 210 terminals, including 12 outgroup species, the two species of Xenohyla, and 93 of the 108 recognized species of Dendropsophus. The phenomic dataset includes 46 terminals, one per species (34 Dendropsophus, one Xenohyla, and 11 outgroup species). Our results corroborate the monophyly of Dendropsophini and the reciprocal monophyly of Dendropsophus and Xenohyla. Some species groups of Dendropsophus are paraphyletic (the D. microcephalus, D. minimus, and D. parviceps groups, and the D. rubicundulus clade). On the basis of our results, we recognize nine species groups; for three of them (D. leucophyllatus, D. microcephalus, and D. parviceps groups) we recognize some nominal clades to highlight specific morphology or relationships and facilitate species taxonomy. We further discuss the evolution of oviposition site selection, where our results show multiple instances of independent evolution of terrestrial egg clutches during the evolutionary history of Dendropsophus.
We describe a new species of the Scinax catharinae group from coastal forest in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. We also describe the karyotype and the advertisement call of the new species, which is composed by a multipulsed note. The chromosome morphology of the new species shows the nucleolar organizer region (NOR) on Pair 6, a putative synapomorphy previously inferred for the S. catharinae clade. We report, for the first time, the presence of mental glands in a species of the genus Scinax. Additionally, we provide a brief discussion about the occurrence of glandular tissue on the mental and inguinal regions of the species of the S. catharinae clade.
BackgroundThe frogs of the Tribe Cophomantini present, in general, 2n = 24 karyotype, but data on Aplastodiscus showed variation in diploid number from 2n = 24 to 2n = 18. Five species were karyotyped, one of them for the first time, using conventional and molecular cytogenetic techniques, with the aim to perform a comprehensive comparative analysis towards the understanding of chromosome evolution in light of the phylogeny.ResultsAplastodiscus perviridis showed 2n = 24, A. arildae and A. eugenioi, 2n = 22, A. callipygius, 2n = 20, and A. leucopygius, 2n = 18. In the metaphase I cells of two species only bivalents occurred, whereas in A. arildae, A. callipygius, and A. leucopygius one tetravalent was also observed besides the bivalents. BrdU incorporation produced replication bands especially in the largest chromosomes, and a relatively good banding correspondence was noticed among some of them. Silver impregnation and FISH with an rDNA probe identified a single NOR pair: the 11 in A. perviridis and A. arildae; the 6 in A. eugenioi; and the 9 in A. callipygius and A. leucopygius. C-banding showed a predominantly centromeric distribution of the heterochromatin, and in one of the species distinct molecular composition was revealed by CMA3. The telomeric probe hybridised all chromosome ends and additionally disclosed the presence of telomere-like sequences in centromeric regions of three species.ConclusionsBased on the hypothesis of 2n = 24 ancestral karyotype for Aplastodiscus, and considering the karyotype differences and similarities, two evolutionary pathways through fusion events were suggested. One of them corresponded to the reduction of 2n = 24 to 22, and the other, the reduction of 2n = 24 to 20, and subsequently to 18. Regarding the NOR, two conditions were recognised: plesiomorphy, represented by the homeologous small-sized NOR-bearing pairs, and derivation, represented by the NOR in a medium-sized pair. In spite of the apparent uniformity of C-banding patterns, heterogeneity in the molecular composition of some repetitive regions was revealed by CMA3 staining and by interstitial telomeric labelling. The meiotic tetravalent might be due to minute reciprocal translocations or to non-chiasmatic ectopic pairing between terminal repetitive sequences. The comparative cytogenetic analysis allowed to outline the chromosome evolution and contributed to enlighten the relationships within the genus Aplastodiscus.
Species limits, phylogeographic and hybridization patterns in Neotropical leaf frogs (Phyllomedusinae). -Zoologica Scripta, 43, 586-604. The taxonomy of many species is still based solely on phenotypic traits, which is often a pitfall for the understanding of evolutionary processes and historical biogeographic patterns, especially between closely related species due to either phenotypic conservatism or plasticity. Two widely distributed Neotropical leaf frogs from the Phyllomedusa burmeisteri species group (P. burmeisteri and Phyllomedusa bahiana) constitute a paramount example of closely related species with relatively unstable taxonomic history due to a large phenotypic variation. Herein, we analysed~260 individuals from 57 localities distributed across the range of the two species to contrast individual phenotypic with an integrative phylogenetic and phylogeographic multilocus approach. We aim to clarify species limits, investigate potential undocumented diversity and examine to what extent taxonomic uncertainties could lead to misleading hypotheses on phylogeographic and interspecific hybridization patterns. Our molecular analysis supports the recognition of the two currently defined species, providing evidences for one novel and highly divergent evolutionary unit within the range of P. burmeisteri, which encompasses its type locality (Rio de Janeiro city). Spatial patterns of genetic and the colour of the hidden areas of the thigh was not congruent, varying considerably both within and between populations of both species. Genetic data showed signs of admixture between both species but do not corroborate the previously inferred wide area of introgression based on the distribution of the intermediate phenotype. Our results suggest that phenotypic variation can result from local adaptations, geographic isolation and/or evolutionary processes and, thus, cannot be used to reliably diagnose P. burmeisteri and P. bahiana. Globally, this study underscores the need of a geographical broad sampling of widespread species and the combination of molecular and phenotypic data to delineate species limits and phylogeographic patterns in species with complex taxonomy. Corresponding author: Tuliana O. Brunes,
Vocalizations and reproductive activity of two Leptodactylus labyrinthicus populations were studied from Jun/2001 to Feb/2003 in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Observations began at dusk and ended around 2300 h. Occasionally individuals were monitored throughout the night. Data on reproductive period, calling sites, adult snout-vent length (SVL), oviposition sites, and oviposition period was collected. Leptodactylus labyrinthicus had an extended breeding period associated mainly with rainfall. Males called from the edge of temporary or permanent ponds, began vocalization activity at dusk, and finished around 2300 or 2400h. During the peak of the vocalization period (Dec-Jan), calling activity could extend up to 0400 or 0500h. Three types of vocalizations associated with reproduction were recorded: advertisement call, territorial call, and courtship call. The advertisement call was the most common vocalization. Males and females showed no sexual dimorphism in SVL. However, the males of one population were significantly larger than those of the other population studied. This fact could be explained by frog-hunting in one of the areas, which could wipe out the larger males of the population. ResumoDurante os meses de junho de 2001 a fevereiro de 2003 foram estudados os tipos de vocalizações e a atividade reprodutiva de duas populações de Leptodactylus labyrinthicus no Estado de São Paulo. As observações iniciaram-se antes do ocaso e terminaram por volta de 23:00 h. Ocasionalmente, indivíduos foram monitorados durante toda a madrugada. Dados sobre período reprodutivo, sítios de canto, comprimento rostro-cloacal dos adultos (CRC), sítios de desova e período de desova foram coletados. Leptodactylus labyrinthicus apresentou padrão reprodutivo prolongado associado ao período de chuvas na região. Os machos foram encontrados vocalizando às margens de corpos d'água temporários ou permanentes, começaram suas atividades de vocalização ao entardecer e cessaram entre 23:00 e 24:00 h. Durante o pico da estação de vocalização (dezembro a janeiro) a atividade de vocalização cessou por volta de 04:00 e 05:00 h. Foram gravados três tipos de vocalizações com fins reprodutivos: canto de anúncio, canto territorial e canto de corte. O canto de anúncio foi a vocalização mais comumente emitida. Não foi observado dimorfismo sexual quanto ao CRC. No entanto, machos de uma das populações apresentaram CRC significantemente maior do que o de machos da outra população estudada. Provavelmente esta diferença deve-se a atividade de caça à espécie realizada em uma das áreas e os machos maiores poderiam estar sendo exterminados da população. As desovas foram encontradas às margens de corpos d'água temporários, protegidas por vegetação, durante os meses de outubro e novembro de 2001/2002. Nas desovas o número de óvulos fertilizados correspondeu a aproximadamente 6,5% do total de óvulos. Os óvulos não fertilizados possivelmente são usados pelos girinos como fonte de alimento. O diâmetro médio dos ninhos de espuma foi de 25,5 cm e a altura ...
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