The canal of Panama is one of the most emblematic constructions in the world, for that reason, for Sacyr, the construction of the Third Set of Locks has been a great challenge and huge pride. The chapter details the technical speciications and innovative breakthroughs that have been used in the work. Detailing the hydraulic illing and drainage system, gate system, control systems, and auxiliary systems. The inal result shows the innovation capacity of the technicians who have participated in this work, who have been one of the keys to be able to overcome the challenge that Sacyr commited to Panama and the rest of the world.
Bioremediation is a tool that can be effectively used in certain contaminated environments. Its main advantages reside in its low aggressiveness with the environment when applied “in situ”, and in the capacity to destroy contaminants. As a result of our research we are able to present the novelty of using our methods, as the way to avoid more expensive actions such as thermal desorption, or much terrible and ineffective, such as identifying the waste as dangerous, and its subsequent storage and custody without reaching to a definitive solution. This article presents the results we reached to and how we proceeded in the treatment of soils contaminated with hydrocarbons on land located in the engineering work of the high-speed train between Córdoba and Málaga. Thanks to the way of proceeding we obtained, within six months, decreases below 1500 ppm of TPH. We would also like to make available to the scientific community the success of using different mixtures, as well as the techniques and properties must be performed and measured. Coexistence of biosulphants, phosphants and the novelty of treating them with magnesium hydroxide, the results of the interactions between microrganisms and the pollutant and what conditions are needed of aeration and stimulation by mixture, shows the degradation capacity of the hydrocarbon and its sostenibility. Keywords: bioremediation, descontamination, hydrocarbon degradation , micro-organisms
The search for new sources of lithium is crucial to satisfy a demand that is growing exponentially, as a result of its presence in a key element for decarbonization in mobility such as batteries. In this sense, batteries make use of more than 74 % of the total lithium extracted annually, and it is expected to reach 90 % in 2030 and 95 % in 2040. Bearing in mind that 76 % of the world's battery capacity is in the hands of a single country, China, it is essential to seek local sources of supply. In view of this and the leading position of the European Union in international agreements, it is important to characterize the lithium reserves in the member states, given the expected demand in 2040, with 2 Mt of lithium carbonate equivalent, 20 times the demand in 2021. The present work examines the reserves in Spain, inferred mainly in the provinces of Cáceres, Ourense and Pontevedra. The results show multiple advantages in terms of sustainability or environmental impact, based on the present potential in terms of hard rock lithium reserves. The analyzed resources present enough to supply the market with an annual production close to 7 % of that obtained in 2021 at global level. Keywords: lithium, decarbonization, batteries, mining, resources, resources
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