Our objectives were to measure glutamine (Gln) and glutamate (Glu) concentrations in the milk and blood of lactating Holstein cows, as well as milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC) throughout different stages of lactation. Samples were collected from 21 cows in the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 5 th and 10 th months of lactation. It analyzed Gln and Glu in the blood and Gln, Glu, lactose, fat, protein and somatic cells in the milk. Also, it measured Gln and Glu in blood from these dairy cows' calves. Results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, T-test and Tukey's test, with a 5% significance level. There was a difference in blood [Gln] in from dairy cows (P < 0.05), with lost concentration observed at 2 nd (~0.181 µmol/mL) and 5 th (~0.190 µmol/mL) months of lactation and the highest at 10 th month (~0.276 µmol/mL). Also there was a higher protein content in the 5 th and 10 th months of lactation (~3.61% each) when compared to the other months (P < 0.05). There was no difference in calves' parameters and in all others parameters from dairy cows. We concluded that the lactation period produced a significant interference in blood [Gln] but not in milk [Gln] which may indicate increase in utilization or decrease in production of this amino acids during lactation in these cows under tropical conditions.
Blood transfusion is an important practice in canine medicine because many diseases are associated with anemia and blood loss. Glutamine and glutamate are major carriers of nitrogen, carbon and energy in mammalian blood. The aim of this research was to evaluate possible changes in blood GLN and GLU in dogs after blood donation. Twelve Grayhound dogs (~5yo) were sampled before (pre‐test) and 1, 7, 14 and 30 days after donating blood. The dogs were drawn 450 mL of blood per donation. The [GLN] and [GLU] were measured by enzimatic assays and data were analyzed by ANOVA, for repeated measurements, and Tukey's test, with P<0.05, to compare all results. Results showed that [GLU] were not different in any samples. In contrast, [GLN] increased from pre‐test levels, 0.603±0.040mol/mL, to 0.728±0.036 mol/mL after 1 day, and to (0.755±0.041mol/mL) after 14days. Even after 30 days the blood [GLN] (0.671+0.043mol/mL) did not return to pre‐blood donation concentrations. Results indicate that either glutamine synthesis has increased or glutamine utilization has decreased and indicate that further research is required to determine the significance of these findings.
Supplementation with glutamine has been proposed to prevent the catabolic response to exercise but there are few studies of glutamine supplementation in training horses. Four Arabian mares were divided in a latin square design to determine the optimal dose of glutamine. The mares received zero, 10g, 20 and 40 grams of AminoGut (L‐glutamine and L‐glutamate) mixed into one kilogram of the meal. Blood was drawn prior to the meal and at 4h post‐feeding. There were no differences in plasma urea, creatinine and uric acid over 4h. Plasma glutamine rose in the AminoGut supplemented group with a peak at 4h. There were no differences between the group that received 20g or 40g of AminoGut. The results indicate that 20g or 2% of AminoGut in the diet could be beneficial to prevent catabolism during exercising horses.
Omeprazol (OMPZ) is used to prevent gastric ulcer syndrome in athletic horses. The aim of this research was to characterize changes in blood [Ca++], [P‐] and [Mg++] in ulcer‐free horses after omeprazol treatment. A Latin square design, with four horses and four treatments (T1: control, T2: 4mg/kg PO bolus treatment, T3: 1mg/kg PO during 11 days and T4: 4mg/kg PO during 11 days) was used. Blood was collected during fasting and 0.5h through 7.0h after feeding. Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA. It was observed decrease in [P] between treatments (P<0.05) but not change in [Ca] or [Mg] (P>0.05). Similarly, only [P] showed a significant difference between the phases of blood collection (P<0.05). There were no interactions between the phases of blood collection and treatments (P>0.05). These results demonstrated that OMPZ, which reduces pH of stomach, changed absorption of dietary P, reducing the serum concentration (T1: ~3,4mg/mL; T2: ~3,6mg/mL; T3: ~2,6mg/mL; T4: ~3,2mg/mL). In conclusion, treatment with OMPZ lowered serum [P] but not [Ca] or [Mg] in healthy horses. Changes in blood mineral parameters are important in athletic horses, which are undergo intense bone adaptation in response to exercise.
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