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Previous studies have demonstrated some significant differences in HLA allele frequencies in leukemic patients and normal subjects. In Moroccan leukemic patients, the frequency of HLA alleles has not already been determined. We have analyzed HLA class I and class II alleles and haplotypes in 62 Moroccan leukemic patients and 98 unrelated normal subjects using PCR-SSO method. Significant positive association with the disease, in patients compared to controls, was found for three alleles: HLA-B*44 (12.7% vs 6.6%; p = 0.02), HLA-DRB1*13 (11.8% vs 9.79%; p = 0.04) and HLA-DRB *01 (4.5% vs 10.7%; p = 0.05). Regarding haplotypes analysis, no significant association was found between patients and control groups. It is suggested that HLA-B*44 and HLA-DRB1*13 alleles may play a presumptive predisposing factor while the HLA-DRB*01 allele could be a protective genetic factor against leukemia.Résumé. L'implication du système HLA dans le développement des leucémies ainsi que la susceptibilité et/ou la résistance à la maladie ont été largement étudiées dans diverses ethnies. Dans notre étude, les fréquences alléliques du système HLA de classe I et de classe II ont été analysées chez un groupe de patients leucémiques marocains. Tous ces cas ont été colligés au laboratoire d'immuno-histocompatibilité de l'Institut Pasteur du Maroc, et comparés à un groupe d'individus contrôle de donneurs sains de même ethnie. Le typage des antigènes HLA classe I (A et B), et classe II (DRB1) pour l'ensemble des patients a été réalisé par biologie moléculaire (PCR-SSO). L'analyse statistique des résultats obtenus (patients versus groupe contrôle sain), a montré d'une part, la forte expression de certains allèles, citons : HLA-B*44 (12,7 % vs 6,6 % ; p = 0,02) et HLA-DRB1*13 (11,8 % vs 9,79 % ; p = 0,04) et, d'autre part, la diminution de la fréquence aléllique du HLA-DRB1*01 (4,5 % vs 10,7 % ; p = 0,05). Ceci semble être en faveur d'une association statistiquement significative entre les différents types de leucémie et le système HLA. Par ailleurs, l'analyse des haplotypes HLA entre la population des malades et les contrôles n'a montré aucune association significative. Ces résultats suggèrent que les allèles HLA-B*44, HLA-DRB1*01 et HLA-DRB1*13 seraient associés aux différents types de leucémies chez les patients marocains, ce qui peut être en faveur soit d'une prédisposition soit d'une résistance à la leucémie. De plus larges études sont nécessaires pour décrire et confirmer le rôle de ces associations avec cette pathologie.

The novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in an overall increase in new cases of depression and burnout and exacerbation of existing mental health problems, with particular emotional and physical harm to healthcare workers. For this reason, the aim of this study is to assess occupational exhaustion and to determine its risk factors within this population during the period of COVID- 19. This is about a cross-sectional study that was conducted from March to June 2020. The target population was health professionals working in the various departments of COVID-19, in public hospitals in Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region of Morocco. To evaluate the burnout, we chose the French version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). The average age of the participants was 42.8±7.4. The gender ratio was balanced at 1.1. Regarding professional status, 61% of the participants are nurses and 39% are doctors. The average professional seniority was 20±8.9 years. As shown in the figure below, the MBI revealed that: 80% (n=72) suffered from burnout, of which 49% (n=44) had a low level, 17% (n=15) had a moderate level and 14% (n=13) had a severe burnout. Unmarried status (Odds Ratio= 9.61; 95% IC= [0.19-2.13]; P-value=0.001); The protective measures unavailable to health professionals (Odds Ratio= 7.13; 95%IC=[2.32-21.89];P-value=0.001); dissatisfaction with the efforts made by the Ministry of Health to fight Covid-19 (Odds Ratio= 9.1; IC95%=[2.82-29.37]; P-value=0.001) are the most important risk factors. In light of these results, interventions to support the mental well-being of health care professionals during and after the COVID-19 period should be implemented immediate.

The interest given to the manifestations and repercussions of learning disability (LD) is relatively recent in Morocco, not only in research but also in endorsing students and their families to contribute to the assessment of learning disability and how prevalence it, as well as the factors which may influence it, particularly factors linked to the socio-economic level, gender, genetics, and the linguistic environment. This work aims to study LD prevalence, considering the Moroccan educational system specificity. It was conducted based on three main steps: identification, screening, and diagnosis and carried out with 14,605 primary school pupils in 63 public and 16 private schools from 2012 to 2018. The identification is based on tests that seek to assess spelling in Arabic, French, along with arithmetic, to be administered collectively to the students. Screening and diagnosis are undertaken by multidisciplinary teams comprising speech therapists, neuropsychologists, psychologists, psychomotor therapists, and child psychiatrists. As a result, it was revealed that 12% of the students screened present at least one specific learning incident with specific reading disorder (dyslexia) at 11.6% of our sample. Moreover, the specific spelling disorder with a prevalence of 11.52%, and dysgraphia with a prevalence of 4.6%, while in 3% of our sample, we suspected specific disorder of arithmetic skills (dyscalculia). These disorders affect two times more boys than girls. Additionally, their rate is significantly impacted by genetic heritage and linguistic environment. However, the association between the socio-economic profile and the prevalence of learning disabilities has not been established.

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders. People with ASD have communication and social interactions difficulties along with sterotyped and repetitive behaviors (DSM-5). The symptoms are present from early childhood between 18 and 36 months, and persist into adulthood. Our body is made up of several microbiota : gut, oral, skin and vaginal. The gut microbiota is the most important because it contains 100 trillion microorganisms. Research teams have established links between dysbiosis and certain pathologies (DeGruttola A.K., et al., 2016). Several studies are being conducted to assess the effectiveness of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (TFM) on chronic inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disease, obesity and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). It involves introducing stool from a healthy donor into the digestive tract of a recipient patient to rebalance the host's altered gut flora. A major study of Kang et al., 2017 , on the treatment with TMP of 18 children diagnosed with ASD, aged 7 to 16 years, associated with moderate to severe gastrointestinal disturbances, showed that two years after the treatment, the intensity of the digestive disturbances decreased by 58% and the severity of typical symptoms is reduced by 47%. Sequencing analyzes showed an increase of bacterial diversity  (Kang et al., 2019) . It’s important to mention that several companies have already positioned themselves in the niche of the intestinal flora aimed at producing TMF as a drug and placing it on the market starting 2023. Keywords: autism, ASD, microbiome, neurodevelopmental disorders