AimsTo determine antibacterial activity of Ocimum suave essential oils against bacterial uropathogens.Study DesignA cross sectional and experimental study.Place and Duration of StudySix selected hospitals in Bushenyi District, Uganda between June 2012 and July 2013.MethodologyClean catch midstream urine samples were collected and inoculated on Cystine Lysine Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24hrs to 48hrs. The O. suave essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation of leaves for 4hrs using a Clevenger apparatus. The oil was collected and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and kept at 4°C till further use. The antimicrobial activity of O. suave essential oils against isolates was determined by agar well method. The MIC of O. suave essential oil extract was carried out by microbroth dilution method.ResultsOf the three hundred (300) midstream urine samples collected, 67(22.33%) had significant bacterial growth. Escherichia coli is the most common isolate (61.19%, n = 41). The essential oil from O. suave showed activity against isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. feacalis, M. morganii, Citrobacter species, Enterobacter species and P. aeruginosa with mean zone of inhibition (ZI) ranging from 10–22 mm. The essential oils had no inhibitory activity on Acinetobacter species. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for O. suave essential oils ranged from 0.78 to 22 μg/ml. This study showed that O. suave essential oils had MIC value of 0.78 μg/ml against S. aureus and MIC values ranging from 3 to 22 μg/ml against the other tested isolates.ConclusionThe most common uropathogen was E. coli (61.19% n = 41). O. suave essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity against majority of the uropathogens, except Acinetobacter species, mean ZI of 10–22 mm and MIC of 0.78 – 22 μg/ml.
Background: Despite a lot of efforts being put in place globally to reduce malaria burden, malaria is still one of the major public health problem. P. falciparum analysis of the Msp2 gene gives paramount evidence in the evaluation of malaria epidemiology to assist in the ongoing malaria control and elimination programs. Therefore this study aimed at examining genetic polymorphism of msp-2 gene of P. falciparum and its multiplicity of infection (MOI) from endemic Sub-Counties in Kisii County, Kenya. Methodology: Dried blood spots were collected from 249 study participants who were positive for P. falciparum parasite in endemic Sub – Counties in Kisii County from January to April 2021. Parasites density/μl of blood was calculated by multiplying the number of parasites counted and 8000 white cells/μl then dividing by number of white cells counted. Parasite level was considered low if the parasite/μl of blood was < 500, moderate 501 ≤ 5000 and high if it was > 5000 Parasites DNA was extracted using chelex-100® method and nested PCR for amplification followed by fragment analysis using gel electrophoresis. Results: 246 samples were identified with msp2 alleles where 94% belonged to 3D7 and 83% belonged to FC27. 40 different polymorphic alleles were identified where 13 belonged to FC27 and 27 belonging to 3D7. 86% isolates had multiple msp2 alleles where the Multiplicity of infection (MOI) overall mean was 2.75. Conclusion: The study isolates showed high genetic polymorphism. Therefore, this suggests that there is high local malaria transmission, meaning there is failure to the scale up of malaria control interventions in the endemic areas of the County.
Aim: To access the socio-demographic factors which are influencing the ownership and utilization of Long Lasting Insecticidal nets (LLINs) among endemic Sub-Counties in Kisii County, Kenya. Study design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Kisii County where study subjects were drawn from Bonchari, Kitutu Chache North and South Mugirango Sub-Counties between January to May 2021. Methodology: Leading hospitals in the Sub-Counties with malaria cases without referrals were selected for the study. A total of 422 study participants who attended Kiaruta and Nyamagiri dispensaries, Eramba, Sieka, Moticho and Suguta health centers with signs of malaria were the targeted population. Structured and open ended questionnaires were used to collect data. Associations between variables were tested using Pearson’s chi-square test through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results: From the total study participants, 68.69% were having LLINs. From the total number with LLINs, 33.18% had torn LLINs. 61.61% study participants were sleeping under the LLINs. Of the participants who were sleeping under LLINs, 46.92% had torn LLINs. Positive association was seen between ownership of LLINs and age (P = 0.008), ownership of LLINs and level of education (P = 0.011), ownership of LLINs and household membership (P < 0.001) and ownership of LLINs and location (P < 0.001), also there was a statistical significance between use of LLINs and age (P < .001), use of LLINs and level of education (P < .001), use of LLINs and gender (P = .024), use of LLINs and location (P = .002), and use of LLINs and the last year when each participant received LLINs (P < .001), Conclusion: Despite coverage of LLINs being high its usage was low and this means that socio-demographic factor has shown to be having a great influence on the ownership and utilization of LLINs. Therefore regular training must be done on LLINs and malaria transmissions with the urge to reduce malaria incidences.
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