We present herein a review article of the latest developments of the biorational approaches in pest management appeared in the literature from 1997 to date. The proposed advantages of the biopesticides including their specificity, safety to non-target organisms, particularly mammals, and utilization in low, sometimes minute, amounts have led to an intensive research program by public and private institutions resulting in an avalanche of reports in attempts to discover and develop newer and safer pesticides, particularly in the past three decades. This review is divided into three main chapters, including microbial insecticides in pest control, utilization of semiochemicals, and botanical insecticides, paying particular attention to those practical approaches that are respectful to the environment.
Key Word Index-Celastraceae; antifeedant activity; insecticidal activity; structure-activity relationship; dihydro-¡3-agarofuran sesquiterpenes; Spodoptera littors/is. Abstract-Forty ene sesquiterpenes with a dihydro-p-agarofuran skeleton. and 14 relatad synthetic compounds are assayed for antifeedant and insecticidal activities against the Egyptian eotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis using the leaf disk method. The antifeedant aetivity is measured in terms of feeding ratio (FR 60) and the insecticidal activity as lethal dose LD 100. Thirty eight of the sesquiterpenes assayed show antifeedant activity, including 38 more active then triphenyl tin acetate used as a positive control in this assay. Three ses-Quiterpenes demonstrate insecticidal activity. Structure activity relations are examinad. .
The presence of several types of allelochemicals has been reported from Ajuga, a Labiatae genus comprising more than 40 species of wide distribution in extratropical regions of both hemispheres. The genus is of great medicinal and economic importance and among the biological properties of the secondary metabolites, the antifeedant activity against pest insects appears to be related to the presence of neo-clerodane type diterpenes. This review focuses on the isolation and structural elucidation of this type of compounds from Ajuga species and the hemisynthetic compounds of closely related structure obtained. The reported biological activity of crude extracts and isolated diterpenes will be briefly commented.
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