Since the discovery of the first broad iron-K line in 1995 from the Seyfert Galaxy MCG-6-30-15 1 , broad iron-K lines have been found in several other Seyfert galaxies 2 , from accreting stellar mass black holes 3 and even from accreting neutron stars 4 . The iron-K line is prominent in the reflection spectrum 5,6 created by the hard X-ray continuum irradiating dense accreting matter. Relativistic distortion 7 of the line makes it sensitive to the strong gravity and spin of the black hole 8 . The accompanying iron-L line emission should be detectable when the iron abundance is high. Here we report the first discovery of both iron-K and L emission, using XMM-Newton observations of the Narrow-1

HST and ground based observations of the Type IIn SN 2010jl are analyzed, including photometry, spectroscopy in the ultraviolet, optical and NIR bands, 26 − 1128 days after first detection. At maximum the bolometric luminosity was ∼ 3 × 10 43 erg s −1 and even at 850 days exceeds 10 42 erg s −1 . A NIR excess, dominating after 400 days, probably originates in dust in the circumstellar medium (CSM). The total radiated energy is 6.5 × 10 50 ergs, excluding the dust component. The spectral lines can be separated into one broad component due to electron scattering, and one narrow with expansion velocity ∼ 100 km s −1 from the CSM. The broad component is initially symmetric around zero velocity but becomes blueshifted after ∼ 50 days, while remaining symmetric about a shifted centroid velocity. Dust absorption in the ejecta is unlikely to explain the line shifts, and we attribute the shift instead to acceleration by the SN radiation. From the optical lines and the X-ray and dust properties, there is strong evidence for large scale asymmetries in the CSM. The ultraviolet lines indicate CNO processing in the progenitor, while the optical shows a number of narrow coronal lines excited by the X-rays. The bolometric light curve is consistent with a radiative shock in an r −2 CSM with a mass loss rate ofṀ ∼ 0.1 M ⊙ yr −1 . The total mass lost is 3 M ⊙ . These properties are consistent with the SN expanding into a CSM characteristic of an LBV progenitor with a bipolar geometry. The apparent absence of nuclear processing is attributed to a CSM still opaque to electron scattering.

The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope observed the bright and long GRB090902B, lying at a redshift of z = 1.822. Together the Large Area Telescope (LAT) and the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) cover the spectral range from 8 keV to >300 GeV. Here we show that the prompt burst spectrum is consistent with emission from the jet photosphere combined with nonthermal emission described by a single powerlaw with photon index -1.9. The photosphere gives rise to a strong quasi-blackbody spectrum which is somewhat broader than a single Planck function and has a characteristic temperature of ∼ 290 keV. We model the photospheric emission with a multicolor blackbody and its shape indicates that the photospheric radius increases at higher latitudes. We derive the averaged photospheric radius R ph = (1.1 ± 0.3) × 10 12 Y 1/4 cm and the bulk Lorentz factor of the flow, which is found to vary by a factor of two and has a maximal value of Γ = 750 Y 1/4 . Here Y is the ratio between the total fireball energy and the energy emitted in the gamma-rays. We find that during the first quarter of the prompt phase the photospheric emission dominates, which explains the delayed onset of the observed flux in the LAT compared to the GBM. We interpret the broad band emission as synchrotron emission at R ∼ 4 × 10 15 cm. Our analysis emphasize the importance of having high temporal resolution when performing spectral analysis on GRBs, since there is strong spectral evolution.

Natural compounds are evolutionary selected and prevalidated by Nature, displaying a unique chemical diversity and a corresponding diversity of biological activities. These features make them highly interesting for studies of chemical biology, and in the pharmaceutical industry for development of new leads. Of utmost importance, for the discovery of new biologically active compounds, is the identification and charting of the corresponding biologically relevant chemical space. The primary key to this is the coverage of the natural products' chemical space. Here we introduce ChemGPS-NP, a new tool tuned for handling the chemical diversity encountered in natural products research, in contrast to previous tools focused on the much more restricted drug-like chemical space. The aim is to provide a framework for making compound classification and comparison more efficient and stringent, to identify volumes of chemical space related to particular biological activities, and to track changes in chemical properties due to, for example, evolutionary traits and modifications in biosynthesis. Physical-chemical properties not directly discernible from structural data can be discovered, making selection more efficient and increasing the probability of hit generation when screening natural compounds and analogues.