Management strategy evaluation (MSE) involves using simulation to compare the relative effectiveness for achieving management objectives of different combinations of data collection schemes, methods of analysis and subsequent processes leading to management actions. MSE can be used to identify a 'best' management strategy among a set of candidate strategies, or to determine how well an existing strategy performs. The ability of MSE to facilitate fisheries management achieving its aims depends on how well uncertainty is represented, and how effectively the results of simulations are summarized and presented to the decision-makers. Key challenges for effective use of MSE therefore include characterizing objectives and uncertainty, assigning plausibility ranks to the trials considered, and working with decisionmakers to interpret and implement the results of the MSE. This paper explores how MSEs are conducted and characterizes current 'best practice' guidelines, while also indicating whether and how these best practices were applied to two casestudies: the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Seas bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus; Balaenidae) and the northern subpopulation of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax caerulea; Clupeidae).

Science has a critical role to play in guiding more sustainable development trajectories. Here, we present the Sustainable Amazon Network ( Rede Amazônia Sustentável , RAS): a multidisciplinary research initiative involving more than 30 partner organizations working to assess both social and ecological dimensions of land-use sustainability in eastern Brazilian Amazonia. The research approach adopted by RAS offers three advantages for addressing land-use sustainability problems: (i) the collection of synchronized and co-located ecological and socioeconomic data across broad gradients of past and present human use; (ii) a nested sampling design to aid comparison of ecological and socioeconomic conditions associated with different land uses across local, landscape and regional scales; and (iii) a strong engagement with a wide variety of actors and non-research institutions. Here, we elaborate on these key features, and identify the ways in which RAS can help in highlighting those problems in most urgent need of attention, and in guiding improvements in land-use sustainability in Amazonia and elsewhere in the tropics. We also discuss some of the practical lessons, limitations and realities faced during the development of the RAS initiative so far.

No abstract

We propose and demonstrate the sequential initialization, optical control, and readout of a single spin trapped in a semiconductor quantum dot. Hole spin preparation is achieved through ionization of a resonantly excited electron-hole pair. Optical control is observed as a coherent Rabi rotation between the hole and charged-exciton states, which is conditional on the initial hole spin state. The spin-selective creation of the charged exciton provides a photocurrent readout of the hole spin state. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.197401 PACS numbers: 78.67.Hc, 42.50.Hz, 71.35.Pq The ability to sequentially initialize, control, and readout a single spin is an essential requirement of any spin based quantum information protocol [1]. This has not yet been achieved for promising schemes based on the optical control of semiconductor quantum dots [2]. These schemes seek to combine the picosecond optical gate speeds of excitons [3][4][5][6], with the potential for millisecond coherence times of quantum dot spins [7][8][9], by optically manipulating the spin via the charged exciton. This results in a system where the potential number of operations before coherence loss could be extremely high, in the range 10 4-9 , and in a system compatible with advanced semiconductor device technologies. A number of important milestones have recently been reached, but these focus on the continuous initialization of an electron [10,11] or hole spin [12], detection of a single quantum dot spin [13,14], or optical control of ensembles of 10 6-7 spins [15,16]. In this Letter, we demonstrate sequential triggered ondemand preparation, optical manipulation, and picosecond time-resolved detection of a single hole spin confined to a quantum dot, thus demonstrating an experimental framework for the fast optical manipulation of single spins. This is achieved using a single self-assembled InGaAs quantum dot embedded in a photodiode structure. The hole spin is prepared by ionizing an electron-hole pair created by resonant excitation. A second laser pulse then drives a coherent Rabi oscillation between the hole and positive trion states, which due to Pauli blocking is conditional on the initial hole spin state, key requirements for the optical control of a spin via the trion transition. Because of Pauli blockade, creation of the charged exciton provides a photocurrent readout of the hole spin state.First we will describe the principle of operation. The qubit is represented by the spin states of the heavy hole (J Figure 1 shows an idealized quantum dot, embedded in an n-i-Schottky diode structure. An electric field is applied, such that the electron tunneling rate is much faster than the hole tunneling rate. The experiments use a sequence of two circularly polarized, timeseparated laser pulses, with a time duration shorter than the electron tunneling time, labeled the ''preparation'' and ''control'' pulses. Figure 1 illustrates the steps (a)-(d) involved in the preparation and readout of the hole spin.Preparation.-(a) The circularly polarized prepar...

The void initially occupied by the coagulum after sinus membrane elevation shrank substantially during the observation period. A lack of influence of the Schneiderian membrane in bone formation apical to implants was documented in the early phase of healing.

The ability of management strategies to achieve the fishery management goals are impacted by environmental variation and, therefore, also by global climate change. Management strategies can be modified to use environmental data using the “dynamic B0” concept, and changing the set of years used to define biomass reference points. Two approaches have been developed to apply management strategy evaluation to evaluate the impact of environmental variation on the performance of management strategies. The “mechanistic approach” estimates the relationship between the environment and elements of the population dynamics of the fished species and makes predictions for population trends using the outputs from global climate models. In contrast, the “empirical approach” examines possible broad scenarios without explicitly identifying mechanisms. Many reviewed studies have found that modifying management strategies to include environmental factors does not improve the ability to achieve management goals much, if at all, and only if the manner in which these factors drive the system is well known. As such, until the skill of stock projection models improves, it seems more appropriate to consider the implications of plausible broad forecasts related to how biological parameters may change in the future as a way to assess the robustness of management strategies, rather than attempting specific predictions per se.

The coagulum that filled the void distal to the implant after simultaneous elevation of the sinus floor gave rise to newly formed bone. However, the void occupied by the coagulum shrank substantially. The Schneiderian membrane did not provide a basis for new bone formation in the early phase of healing.

These preliminary results allow us to infer that sedation with propofol changes sleep architecture but permits respiratory evaluation, because the main respiratory parameters evaluated in OSA are maintained. These preliminary results support the view that nasoendoscopy under propofol sedation is a promising examination for management of this disease.