Son escasos los estudios que analizan la relación entre conducta agresiva e inteligencia emocional. Este estudio examina la relación entre inteligencia emocional rasgo y los componentes motor (agresividad física y agresividad verbal), cognitivo (hostilidad) y afectivo/emocional (ira) de la conducta agresiva. El Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Adolescents Short Form (TEIQue-ASF) y el Aggression Questionnaire Short version (AQ-S) fueron administrados a una muestra de 314 adolescentes (52.5% chicos) de 12 a 17 años. Los resultados indicaron que los adolescentes con altas puntuaciones en conducta agresiva física, verbal, hostilidad e ira presentaron puntuaciones significativamente más bajas en inteligencia emocional rasgo que sus iguales con puntuaciones bajas en conducta agresiva física, verbal, hostilidad e ira. Este patrón de resultados fue el mismo tanto para la muestra total como para chicos, chicas y los grupos de edad de 12-14 años y 15-17 años. Además, en la mayoría de los casos se hallaron tamaños del efecto grandes apoyando la relevancia empírica de estas diferencias.

Extraretinal photoreceptors located within the medio-basal hypothalamus regulate the photoperiodic control of seasonal reproduction in birds. An action spectrum for this response describes an opsin photopigment with a λmax of ∼ 492 nm. Beyond this however, the specific identity of the photopigment remains unresolved. Several candidates have emerged including rod-opsin; melanopsin (OPN4); neuropsin (OPN5); and vertebrate ancient (VA) opsin. These contenders are evaluated against key criteria used routinely in photobiology to link orphan photopigments to specific biological responses. To date, only VA opsin can easily satisfy all criteria and we propose that this photopigment represents the prime candidate for encoding daylength and driving seasonal breeding in birds. We also show that VA opsin is co-expressed with both gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and arginine-vasotocin (AVT) neurons. These new data suggest that GnRH and AVT neurosecretory pathways are endogenously photosensitive and that our current understanding of how these systems are regulated will require substantial revision.

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In mammals, melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) are, among other things, involved in several non-image-forming visual functions, including light entrainment of circadian rhythms. Considering the profound impact of aging on visual function and ophthalmic diseases, here we evaluate changes in mRGCs throughout the life span in humans. In 24 post-mortem retinas from anonymous human donors aged 10–81 years, we assessed the distribution, number and morphology of mRGCs by immunostaining vertical retinal sections and whole-mount retinas with antibodies against melanopsin. Human retinas showed melanopsin immunoreactivity in the cell body, axon and dendrites of a subset of ganglion cells at all ages tested. Nearly half of the mRGCs (51%) were located within the ganglion cell layer (GCL), and stratified in the outer (M1, 12%) or inner (M2, 16%) margin of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) or in both plexuses (M3, 23%). M1 and M2 cells conformed fairly irregular mosaics, while M3 cell distribution was slightly more regular. The rest of the mRGCs were more regularly arranged in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and stratified in the outer margin of the IPL (M1d, 49%). The quantity of each cell type decrease after age 70, when the total number of mRGCs was 31% lower than in donors aged 30–50 years. Moreover, in retinas with an age greater than 50 years, mRGCs evidenced a decrease in the dendritic area that was both progressive and age-dependent, as well as fewer branch points and terminal neurite tips per cell and a smaller Sholl area. After 70 years of age, the distribution profile of the mRGCs was closer to a random pattern than was observed in younger retinas. We conclude that advanced age is associated with a loss in density and dendritic arborization of the mRGCs in human retinas, possibly accounting for the more frequent occurrence of circadian rhythm disorders in elderly persons.

Este estudio analizó la relación entre conducta prosocial y las estrategias de aprendizaje en una muestra de 2022 estudiantes españoles (51.1% varones) de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). La conducta prosocial fue medida con la escala de Conducta Prosocial del Teenage Inventory of Social Skills (TISS) y las estrategias de aprendizaje fueron medidas con el Learning and Study Strategies Inventory-High School (LASSI-HS). Los análisis de regresión logística revelaron que la conducta prosocial es un predictor positivo y estadísticamente significativo de puntuaciones altas en las siguientes estrategias y habilidades de estudio: actitud hacia el éxito académico, motivación, procesamiento de la información, selección de ideas principales, ayudas al estudio, autoevaluación y estrategias de evaluación. Además, la conducta prosocial fue un predictor negativo y estadísticamente significativo de puntuaciones altas en ansiedad. Estos resultados fueron encontrados en varones, mujeres y en estudiantes de todos los cursos de ESO. Sin embargo, la conducta prosocial sólo fue un predictor positivo y estadísticamente significativo de altas puntuaciones en control del tiempo (en las muestras de 2o y 4o de ESO) y en concentración (en las muestras de chicos y 4o de ESO).

Este estudio analizó la relación entre conducta prosocial y metas académicas en una muestra de 2.022 estudiantes españoles. La conducta prosocial fue medida con la escala de Conducta Prosocial del Teenage Inventory of Social Skills (TISS) y las metas académicas mediante el Achievement Goal Tendencies Questionnaire (AGTQ). Los resultados revelaron que los estudiantes con alta conducta prosocial presentaron puntuaciones significativamente más altas en metas de aprendizaje y logro. La conducta prosocial fue un predictor positivo y estadísticamente significativo de metas de aprendizaje y logro. Además, las metas de aprendizaje y logro fueron predictores positivos y estadísticamente significativos de la conducta prosocial, mientas que las metas de refuerzo social fueron un predictor negativo y estadísticamente significativo de la conducta prosocial.

The aim of this study was to analyze the factorial invariance and latent means differences of the Spanish version of the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised for Children (SRAS-R-C) in a sample of 1,078 students (50.8% boys) aged 8–11 years (M = 9.63, SD = 1.12). The results revealed that the proposed model in this study, with a structure of 18 items divided into four factors (Negative Affective, Social Aversion and/or Evaluation, To Pursue Attention and Tangible Reinforcements), was the best-fit model with a tetra-factorial structure, remaining invariant across gender and age. Analysis of latent means differences indicated that boys and 11-year-old students scored highest on the Tangible Reinforcements subscale compared with their 8- and 9-year-old peers. On the contrary, for the subscales of Social Aversion and/or Evaluation and to Pursue Attention, the differences were significant and higher in younger age groups compared to 11-year-olds. Appropriate indexes of reliability were obtained for SRAS-R-C subscales (0.70, 0.79, 0.87, and 0.72). Finally, the founded correlation coefficients of scores of the SRAS-R-C revealed a predictable pattern between school refusal and positive/negative affect and optimism/pessimism.