New zones with risk of infection for Chagas disease were reported in San Antonio Tezoquipan, Caltimacan, and El Ahorcado in the Hidalgo State of Mexico. Antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect hemagglutination assay in human serum samples. Study subjects were also given an electrocardiogram. Trypanosoma cruzi was isolated from triatomines collected and its virulence was determined in BALB/c mice. Seropositive persons were found in the three regions studied and seroprevalence of T. cruzi ranged between 3.25% and 5.13%. Six of eight seropositive persons had cardiac alterations. The species of triatomines detected were Triatoma barberi, Triatoma mexicana, and Triatoma dimidiata, and at least one of each species was infected with T. cruzi. Entomologic indexes from the zones were determined, and El Ahorcado showed the greatest risk of infection. In this region, we found more virulent isolates of T. cruzi in Triatoma barberi, and the highest human seroprevalence for T. cruzi.

-In order to determine the risk of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi by triatomines in Metztitlan municipality, Hidalgo State, Mexico, entomological indexes were calculated and the characteristics of dwellings were described. A transversal, retrospective, descriptive, and observational study was performed by means of an intentional not probabilistic and expertise sampling from January to December of 2005 in 10 localities in which presence of triatomines were investigated either intra or peridomestic environmental in 699 houses. Building material and presence of infected triatomines with T. cruzi were registered to determine entomologic indexes. The triatomine species collected were: Triatoma barberi (Usinger) and T. mexicana (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). The results indicated that natural infection index varied from 7.7% to 50%; colonization index reached 80%; infestation index varied from 7.7% to 25%; dispersion index was 70%. Stone-walled houses were more infested. We can conclude that it is necessary to establish T. cruzi transmission control measures against triatomines in localities from Metztitlan, primarily in stone-walled houses where T. barberi occurs, as it was the most important vector species in the transmission of T. cruzi in this municipality. KEY WORDS: Triatoma barberi, Triatoma mexicana, Chagas disease, vector, epidemiologyLa enfermedad de Chagas, cuyo agente causal es el protozoario hemoflagelado Trypanosoma cruzi, es un importante problema de salud pública en países latinoamericanos en donde se ha estimado que aproximadamente el 25% de los habitantes están en riesgo de infección lo cual es alrededor de 120 millones (Guzmán 2001). En México se realizó la Encuesta Nacional Seroepidemiológica (ENSE) demostrando presencia de personas seropositivas a T. cruzi en todos los estados de la República con prevalencias que varían del 0,1% al 5% (Velasco et al 1992).La transmisión de T. cruzi al humano ocurre mediante varios mecanismos, el más frecuente es mediante las deyecciones de insectos redúvidos hematófagos denominados triatóminos, quienes defecan sobre un individuo durante el momento en que le están picando (Brener 1973, García et al 2000. Por tanto, los habitantes que viven en las zonas donde se detecta la presencia de triatóminos quedan en riesgo de adquirir la enfermedad de Chagas. Independientemente de las especies que se encuentren, todas las especies son transmisoras desde sus etapas ninfales hasta las adultas. Sin embargo, un dato interesante es que la capacidad transmisora del redúvido, además de su comportamiento, puede ser distinta para cada especie (Alejandre et al

Kodamaea ohmeri and Prototheca wickerhamii are rare pathogens for humans, and even more rare as cause of onychomycosis. This work reports the second case of onychomycosis by K. ohmeri and the fourth of onycoprotothecosis; it was made in public health institutions in the Hidalgo State, Mexico, studying 261 diabetic patients during 2005 and 2006. Kodamaea ohmeri was isolated from toenails of a 51-year-old female patient, and P. wickerhamii from three female patients of 48, 49, and 61 years old, respectively, all of them with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2). Identifications were done by standard microbiological methods and a commercial system. Only one patient infected with P. wickerhamii showed mixed infection with dermatophytes. Out of the total studied DM 2 patients, 1.15% presented onycoprotothecosis and 0.38% onychomycosis by K. ohmeri, high percentages if it is considered that few cases have been reported of K. ohmeri and P. wickerhamii as onychomycosis causal agents.

-Triatoma barberi Usinger is a widely recognized vector of the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi. The determination of its presence in the rural houses is made by direct observation of adults, nymphs, exuviae or eggs. For this reason, egg structural characteristics could facilitate the differentiation and identifi cation of species that inhabit such environments. In here, the morphologic characteristics of eggs of T. barberi are described and analyzed with special attention to the anterior pole of the egg. The structural analysis of eggs by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the presence of a wide and rough chorion edge, which contain aeropyles and micropyles. A deep spermatic canal between the endochorion and exochorion, and a trabecular network in the interior were also observed. The operculum showed cells with irregular growth and undefi ned polygonal shape. Externally, the operculum cells forms two rings of projections that surround a single extension located to the center. The cellular projections resemble respiratory horns, although the presence of aeropyles was not observed. The chorion structural characteristics can help to identify and separate close species in the Triatominae subfamily.

Zoonoses are infections and diseases that are naturally transmitted from vertebrate animals to man and vice versa, where at least one domestic or wild animal species is involved, as is the case of the parasitic zoonosis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, which has a transmitting vector as Triatominos through the participation of domestic or wild animal reservoirs. To determine, through a survey instrument, if the Tlacuache is an animal reservoir that probably maintains the biological cycle and the Chagas disease transmission and if it is in cohabitation with inhabitants of the State of Hidalgo. A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out by applying a survey to 176 people. The instrument was elaborated by 10 questions about the reservoir commonly named "Tlacuache". It was also requested that photographic evidence of these mammals be obtained whenever possible and it was requested that, if possible, the hearts be obtained to perform the search for macroscopic pathology and the presence of the parasite in the hearts of opossums for the search of nests of amastigotes in the myocardium collected. Of the 176 respondents, 98.90% know the opossums. 76% of people use it for food purposes, 14.70% do not know, 7.84% use it for healing purposes and 0.98% use it as a pet. The results show a synanthropic relationship. Findings in hearts denote the effect of Tripanozoma spp. The results allow establishing that the opossum is a probable reservoir of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi in the State of Hidalgo, which exists a synanthropic relationship with the communities. Situation that is not as different as the rest of the country's states.Resumen:

A nivel mundial es conocido que el cancer es una enfermedad donde no existe control de la proliferación celular y la única vía de regular la misma es mediante el mecanismo de la apoptosis. El proceso de apoptosis también es conocido cómo muerte celular programada y se regula a nivel genético mediante señalización celular, así mismo, forma parte del mecanismo de la funcionalidad del ciclo celular. Por otra parte, las células cancerosas con frecuencia tienen la habilidad de evadir la apoptosis, a pesar del daño, debido a la presencia de una proteína conocida cómo p53 que revisa que el material genético de las células no esté dañado (por estres celular o radiación ionizante), En el cáncer este mecanismo falla porque la proliferación de células se encuentra sin control debido a mutaciones, que se pueden identificar en la expresión, sobre-expresión o en la falta de expresión de genes. La fase de iniciación de la apoptosis es iniciada por estrés intracelular o extracelular, con bajos niveles de oxígeno o daños en el ADN. La fase de ejecución de la apoptosis es llevada a cabo por enzimas llamadas caspasas que causan daños en el ADN, reorganizan el citoesqueleto e interrumpen el transporte intracelular, la división celular y la señal de traducción. 

El Proyecto del Microbioma Humano analizó y caracterizó a nivel genómico a las comunidades bacterianas asociadas con humanos. Por primera vez se han visualizado las relaciones entre seres humanos y microorganismos así como las variables y parámetros microbiológicos y clínicos que permitirán comprender mejor los trastornos originados por el microbioma. Las interacciones cooperativas entre los microbios y huéspedes implican funciones elementales del hospedero, como la defensa, el metabolismo y la reproducción. La variación de la microbiota del hospedero se debe a la introducción o extinción de grupos microbianos particulares o por cambios en la estructura de su población. Por ejemplo, algunas investigaciones mostraron que la maduración funcional del microbioma intestinal durante los primeros tres años de vida es común en tres poblaciones de diferentes países, e incluyen cambios asociados a la edad con genes bacterianos implicados en la biosíntesis y el metabolismo de las vitaminas. La desaparición, erradicación, desinfección o cualquier termino similar de forma selectiva de la microbiota podría contribuir a muchas de las enfermedades del sistema digestivo, predispondría a la obesidad y sus daños colaterales, favorecería el asma y trastornos relacionados, así como se incrementaría la propagación de epidemias de patógenos de alto riesgo. La futura investigación deberá tratar de aclarar y prevenir estos puntos, pues los fundamentos teóricos indican que los cambios ecológicos que involucren a nuestras microbiotas ancestrales podrían tener el poder de afectar bioquímica, inmunológica, fisiológica y hasta psíquicamente a nuestra salud.

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