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Flowering is one of the most critical processes in the reproductive phenology in fruit trees including olive. Under Mediterranean climate, olive flowering period normally occurs in late spring or early summer. Therefore, flowering could be affected by adverse environmental conditions as water stress and high temperature, thus influencing flower quality. Previous works have demonstrated the effect of genotype and environment on olive flowering, but those factors has never been compared in a single study nor their interaction has been evaluated. In the present work, we used multi-environment trial stabilised in with four different agro-climatic conditions of Andalucía, Southern Spain, to test the genetic and environmental influence on flowering timing (flowering period, full bloom period, and full bloom date) and flower quality (flower number, perfect flower number and flower number percentage). Most of the variability found for flowering phenology parameters was due to environmental influence. On the contrary, for flowering quality parameters, most of the variability was of genetic nature. In all cases, the genotype-environment interaction was significant. In this sense, the GGE biplot model used to analyse the interaction showed that most of the genotypes evaluated have low stability for most of the parameters evaluated. Those results emphasize the benefits of multi-environment trials on olive in order to select the best genotype adapted to different environments and as a tool to face the future variability of environmental conditions caused by the climate-warming scenario.

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For humans, wheat is the most important source of calories, but it is also a source of antioxidant compounds that are involved in the prevention of chronic disease. Among the antioxidant compounds, phenolic acids have great potential to improve human health. In this paper we evaluate the effect of environmental and genetic factors on the phenolics content in the grain of a collection of tritordeums with different cytoplasm and chromosome substitutions. To this purpose, tritordeum flour was used for extraction of the free, conjugates and bound phenolic compounds. These phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by RP-HPLC and the results were analyzed by univariate and multivariate methods. This is the first study that describes the composition of phenolic acids of the amphiploid tritordeum. As in wheat, the predominant phenolic compound is ferulic acid. In tritordeum there is great variability for the content of phenolic compounds and the main factor which determines its content is the genotype followed by the environment, in this case included in the year factor. Phenolic acid content is associated with the substitution of chromosome DS1D(1Hch) and DS2D(2Hch), and the translocation 1RS/1BL in tritordeum. The results show that there is high potential for further improving the quality and quantity of phenolics in tritordeum because this amphiploid shows high variability for the content of phenolic compounds.