High performance analog to digital converters are a key element for the development of high resolution image sensors. Engineers are continuously developing faster, more resolution, and less power dissipation converters suitable to be used in high resolution television cameras or portable image processing devices. Design of such circuits is a challenging task which requires a combination of the most advanced digital techniques and the analog expertise knowledge. However, in such circuits the analog part represents only a small portion of the total die, but it is a bottleneck which dominates the total design time. To reduce the simulation time it becomes necessary the use of high level models with a good trade off between accuracy and simulation speed. In this paper performance of two different VHDL-AMS high level models of a pipeline ADC are compared. Both approaches are evaluated versus a SPICE model of the real pipeline ADC. ©2007 IEEE
Introduction: Brain empyema in children is a rare intracranial infection that may result from meningitis, sinusitis, or mechanisms such as head trauma, neurological surgery or hematogenous spread from a remote site. Objective: To describe a case of brain empyema caused by Escherichia coli in an infant. Methodology: A case report is presented with isolation of Escherichia coli arising after the overlap period of meningitis (1-3 months). A literature review of the risk factors, etiology and treatment of brain empyema in children is conducted. Results: The case report is about a 5 month-old male infant with no history of immunodeficiency, plagiocephalic, and with a 3 week-long history of otitis prior to admission. The patient had fever, seizures and rostro-caudal deterioration, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and hypoglycorrhachia. The tomographic images revealed brain empyema. It was posible to isolate Escherichia coli from culture and surgical drainage was required plus systemic antibiotic therapy for 4 weeks. Conclusions: Brain empyema caused by Escherichia coli in infants after the overlap period are very rare. Treatment consists in prompt surgical evacuation, eradication of the primary infection and proper administration of systemic antimicrobials
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