Protein extrusion has frustrated earlier predictions regarding its impact in the development of food products. The main reason for this disappointing performance has been its failure to yield fabricated food products with textural quality close enough to that of natural products at competitive prices. Texturized soya protein by extrusion is presently the only commercial success in this area, being incorporated into several convenience products, increasing their protein content and quality and conferring them some desirable sensory properties. Technological and scientific gaps in the extrusion texturization are still to be bridged if this technique is to be applied for upgrading unconventional protein. The precise mechanisms responsible for protein texturization through extrusion are still unclear. Proteins show a very wide range of extrusion behavior that is probably related to large differences in their association properties. New peptide bonds, formed by free amino and carboxylic groups of the protein, were postulated as being responsible for the cross-linking that takes place in protein extrusion. However, disulfide bonds and electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions are regarded presently as the texturization mechanism in this process. The recently suggested suspension (or filled "melt") model for biopolymer extrusion offered a new framework for testing extrusion of novel proteins. According to this view, the large differences between the association properties of proteins produce different types of aggregates. Some of them can be insoluble under extrusion conditions and act as a dispersed phase within the melt phase. The extrusion performance of a protein will thus depend on the amount of insoluble aggregate produced inside the extruder and on protein-protein interactions that occur after the superheated molten mass leaves it.

The effect of adding increasing levels of prebiotic inulin-type fructans (ITFs) (0, 4, 8, 10 and 12%) on the sensory and nutritional quality of gluten-free bread (GFB) was assessed. ITFs can provide structure and gas retention during baking, thus improving GFB quality by yielding better specific volume, softer crumb, improved crust and crumb browning with enhanced sensory acceptance. During baking, approximately one-third of the ITFs was lost. The addition of 12% ITFs to the basic formulation is required in order to obtain GFB enriched with 8% ITFs (4 g of fructans per 50 g bread serving size), levels that can provide health benefits. 12% ITFs-addition level decreased GFB glycemic index (from 71 to 48) and glycemic load (from 12 to 8). Prebiotic ITFs are a promising improver for GFB that can provide nutritional (11% dietary fiber content, low glycemic response) and functional benefits to patients with celiac disease, since ITFs are prebiotic ingredients that can also increase calcium absorption.

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ResumoÉ indiscutível o papel da dieta e dos alimentos na manutenção da saúde e na redução do risco de DCNT. Estudos epidemiológicos mostram que o aumento do consumo de alimentos de origem vegetal influencia positivamente a saúde, enquanto estudos in vitro e in vivo em modelo animal elucidam os mecanismos pelos quais compostos bioativos não nutrientes, presentes nos alimentos, atuam na manutenção da saúde e na redução do risco de doenças. A modulação da expressão de genes que codificam proteínas envolvidas em vias de sinalização celular ativadas em DCNT é um dos mecanismos de ação dos compostos bioativos, sugerindo que estes possam ser essenciais à manutenção da saúde. A biodisponibilidade dos compostos bioativos de alimentos, as suas rotas metabólicas e o modo de ação de seus metabólitos são importantes fatores no seu efeito nas DCNT. Todos esses aspectos são temas de investigações recentes, cujos resultados contribuem para a compreensão da ocorrência e desenvolvimento das DCNT e da sua relação com a dieta. Essa revisão visou discutir alguns dos mecanismos envolvidos na resposta inflamatória induzida pela obesidade, apresentar os compostos bioativos de alimentos que modulam essa resposta inflamatória e sua relação com o metabolismo desses compostos. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2009;53(5):646-56. DescritoresInflamação; obesidade; compostos bioativos; dieta; disponibilidade biológica; doenças crônicas AbstRActIt is largely accepted the important role of food and feeding habits on health maintenance and development of non transmissible chronic diseases (NTCD). Epidemiologic evidences show that increasing vegetable consumption positively impacts health. On the other hand, in vivo and in vitro studies in animals show that non-nutrient bioactive food substances partly explain the role of food on the maintenance of health and on the risk reduction of these diseases. The modulation of gene expression of proteins that are involved in the cellular signaling pathways of NTCD is an important mechanism of the bioactive food substances, indicating their importance in disease prevention. Bioavailability, metabolic routes and the action of the resultant metabolites of bioactive food compounds are important aspects that may affect NTCD. All these aspects have actively been investigated in the last years and resulted in a greater understanding of the beginning, progression and prevention of NTCD. This review aimed at discussing the involved mechanisms of the inflammatory response induced by obesity and the role of bioactive food compounds in modulating such response.

O feijão caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), comumente chamado de feijão de corda ou feijão macassar, é um alimento básico para as populações de baixa renda do Nordeste brasileiro. Constitui-se uma das principais culturas alimentares desta região e também do Oeste da África (ONWULIRI; OBU, 2002). Dentre os diferentes produtos agrícolas encontrados nas regiões tropicais, o caupi se destaca pelo alto valor nutritivo, além do baixo custo de produção. É amplamente cultivado pelos pequenos produtores, constituindo um dos principais componentes da dieta alimentar, especialmente na zona rural (EMBRAPA MEIO NORTE, 2003).Em termos mundiais, a área ocupada com feijão caupi é de cerca de 12,5 milhões de ha, com 8 milhões (64% da área mundial) na parte oeste e central da África e o restante nas Américas do Sul e Central, e na Ásia. Os principais produtores mundiais são Nigéria, Niger e Brasil (QUIN, 1997).No Brasil, o feijão caupi é cultivado predominantemente no sertão semi-árido da região Nordeste e em pequenas áreas na Amazônia (MAIA, 1996). No Nordeste, a produção e a produtividade são de 429.375 toneladas e 303,5 kg.ha -1 , respectivamente. Os maiores produtores são os Estados do Ceará, Piauí, Bahia e Maranhão, os quais também apresentam as maiores áreas plantadas (IBGE, 2001). A produção dos grãos, secos ou verdes, é destinada principalmente para o consumo humano in natura, na forma de conserva ou desidratado (EMBRAPA MEIO NORTE, 2003).Esta leguminosa constitui importante fonte de proteínas (23 a 25% em média) e carboidratos, destacando-se pelo alto AbstractCowpea is one of the major food cultures of the northeastern region of Brazil. To improve its resistance against plagues and to increase its productivity, a new cultivar (BRS-Milênio) was obtained by genetic improvement. This study aimed at determining the proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, mineral constituents and trypsin inhibitory activity of this cultivar. The seed presents (g.100 g -1 ): 24.5 protein, 51.4 carbohydrates, 16.6 insoluble fiber and 2.7 soluble fiber, 2.6 ash; major mineral constituents (mg.100 g -1 ) were: iron -6.8, zinc -4.1, manganese -1.5, phosphorus -510.0 and potassium -1430.0. Lipid content was 2.2%, and its fatty acids profile: 29.4% saturated and 70.7% unsaturated. The caloric value was estimated as 323.4 kcal.100 g -1 of seeds. A low trypsin inhibitory activity was found (8.0 TIU.mg -1 of sample). The amino acid profile is in accordance with the reference amino acid standard, except for the sulfur amino acid deficiency, suggesting the need to encourage the combination of this bean with other food sources. Results suggest that cowpea presents high contents of energy, protein, dietary fiber, minerals and a low trypsin inhibitory activity. Although it contains low amounts of lipids, its composition presents a high unsaturated fatty acid profile.