Indoor localization technologies hold promise for many ambient intelligence applications, including in-situ navigational assistance for individuals with wayfinding difficulties. Given that the literature on indoor localization is vast and spans many different disciplines, we conducted a comprehensive review of the dominant technologies. We propose a taxonomy of localization technologies on the basis of the measured physical quantity. In particular, we identified, radio frequency, photonic, sonic and inertial localization technologies as leading solutions in the field. For each selected technology, the fundamental scientific mechanisms for localization are explained, key recent literature appraised and the merits and limitations are discussed. Recommendations are made regarding the creation of context-aware systems that can be used to enhance a user's topographical orientation skills.
Background: Individuals with topographical disorientation have difficulty navigating through indoor environments. Recent literature has suggested that ambient intelligence technologies may provide patients with navigational assistance through auditory or graphical instructions delivered via embedded devices.
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