Autenticidade constitui uma das palavras mais utilizadas e um dos temas mais discutidos na Sociologia do Turismo nas últimas quatro décadas. Tendo sofrido várias mudanças de sentido, o termo acompanhou a evolução dos estudos sobre turismo – desde a abordagem funcionalista à construtivista, culminando na viragem pós-moderna e fenomenológica. Ainda assim, a autenticidade enquanto conceito científico nem sempre se tem revelado suficientemente heurístico para suportar a investigação no plano empírico, mercê das influências filosóficas que o termo ainda carrega e que parecem continuar bem presentes mesmo hoje em dia, contribuindo para a sua indefinição. Este artigo faz uma análise crítica da extensa literatura que aborda o tema da autenticidade no turismo, desde as suas origens até ao presente, terminando com algumas recomendações para as suas utilizações futuras.
The state is facing turbulent times. Financial and economic turmoil, growing inequalities, disinvestment in public and social services, and political disenchantment are but a few problems that contemporary society is facing, while traditional policies are failing to deliver the desired results. Social innovation is a possible approach to deal with emergent social needs. Research and policy experimentation on social innovation increased in the last decade, but many questions remain open. One key interrogation regards the relation of social innovation with the state. How can the state, considering the multi-level interactions that necessarily exist between different stakeholders, promote these practices? Using the case of Portugal, and the recent implementation of a pioneer public programmed dedicated to social innovation—Portugal Social Innovation—, this article contributes to the understanding of the role the state in the promotion of social innovation and the challenges, tensions, and difficulties experienced by those involved in the sector, whether as practitioners of social innovation or as heads of public institutions responsible for assisting in the development and implementation of social innovations. The article presents data gathered from a focus group involving the representatives from key third sector associations and officials responsible for public institutions that support the implementation of social innovation at the relevant levels of government (national, regional, local). Results show opportunities and tensions between the third sector and the different levels of the state, and a difficulty to adapt the processes and practices of public administration to the dynamic and creative nature of social innovation.
The concept of ecosystem has been used to describe a dynamic set of relationships, services and interdependencies that potentiate the creation, renewal and growth of organizations. Social innovation is largely influenced by ecosystem conditions. The Portuguese social innovation ecosystem is a particularly interesting case study, as it assumes a hybrid structure that expresses a variety of policy schemes, networks and support structures. This article debates the concept of social innovation ecosystem and presents an exploratory approach to its mapping. Based on interviews with strategic stakeholders in the social and solidarity economy and social enterprises, the study elaborates on the specificities of the social innovation ecosystem. The Portuguese ecosystem is comprised of three sub-ecosystems that show different weights, limited connections and overlapping: social economy, social business, and the social solidarity ecosystem. The article concludes with an overview of the current state of social innovation, emphasizing the perspectives of stakeholders on recent experiences that the Portuguese state has developed in establishing dialogue within organizations integrating social innovation dynamics.
The sources of knowledge are diverse, as each firm interacts with multiple actors in pursuing its mission: partners and strategic allies, suppliers, customers, competitors, specialist organizations such as knowledge-intensive business services, universities, technology centres, public research organizations, innovation intermediaries and public administration bodies. Different kinds of knowledge, both tacit and codified, are relevant for firms. Nevertheless, knowledge needs to be translated into the capacity to act. Hence, knowledge generation and absorption can be understood as two sides of the same coin and it is necessary to take factors that shape both facets into account, in addition to the relationship between the production, transfer and valorisation of knowledge. This article reviews crucial factors for knowledge in firms, aggregated as influential, contextual and internal. Influential factors are associated with knowledge tacitness and the existing knowledge base, whereas the internal characteristics of the firm are also crucial and concern aspects such as the existing innovation culture, leadership attributes and internal research and development capabilities. Finally, contextual factors, such as the territorial dynamics, are essential as environmental enablers for generating and absorbing knowledge. Together, these factors reinforce the dynamic capabilities of the firm and influence the decision to either engage in open innovation strategies or prioritize actions that protect and codify knowledge, thus affecting the firms’ competitiveness.
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